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Source: Wikiwand: Vannes

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Vannes (French pronunciation: [van]; Breton: Gwened) is a commune in the Morbihan department in Brittany in north-western France. It was founded over 2,000 years ago. Geography Vannes, located on the Gulf of Morbihan at the mouth of two rivers, the Marle and the Vincin, is around 100 kilometres (62 miles) northwest of Nantes and 450 km (280 mi) south west of Paris. Vannes is a market town linked to the sea. History See also: Veneti (Gaul) and Bro Gwened The name Vannes comes from the Veneti, a seafaring Celtic people who lived in the south-western part of Armorica in Gaul before the Roman invasions. The region seems to have been involved in a cross channel trade for thousands of years, probably using hide boats and perhaps Ferriby Boats. Wheat that apparently was grown in the Middle East was part of this trade. At about 150 BC the evidence of trade (such as Gallo-Belgic coins) with the Thames estuary area of Great Britain dramatically increased. The Veneti were defeated by Julius Caesar's fleet in 56 BC in front of Locmariaquer; many of the Veneti were then either slaughtered or sold into slavery. The Romans settled a town called Darioritum in a location previously belonging to the Veneti. From the 5th to the 7th century, the remaining Gauls were displaced or assimilated by waves of immigrant Britons fleeing the Saxon invasions of Britain. Under the Breton name Gwened (also derived from the Veneti), the town was the center of an independent principality or kingdom variously called Bro-Wened ("Vannes") or Bro-Ereg ("land of Gwereg"), the latter for a prominent member of its dynasty, which claimed descent from Caradog Strongarm. The diocese of Vannes was erected in the 5th century. The Council of Vannes was held there in 461. The realm annexed Cornouaille for a time in the early 6th century but was permanently joined with Domnonia under its king and saint Judicaël around 635. In 1342, Vannes was besieged four times between forces from both sides of the Breton War of Succession. The city's defending commander, Olivier de Clisson IV was captured by the English, but finally released. The French eventually executed him on suspicion that the ransom was unusually low and therefore he may have been a traitor. In 1759, Vannes was used as the staging point for a planned French invasion of Britain. A large army was assembled there, but it was never able to sail following the French naval defeat at the Battle of Quiberon Bay in November 1759. In 1795, during the French Revolution, French forces based in Vannes successfully repelled a planned British-Royalist invasion. Population Inhabitants of Vannes are called Vannetais. Breton language The municipality launched a linguistic plan through Ya d'ar brezhoneg on 12 October 2007. In 2008, 7.71% of the children attended the bilingual schools in primary education.[6] Transport Train The Gare de Vannes railway station offers connections to Quimper, Rennes, Nantes, Paris and several regional destinations. With the fast train TGV, the journey takes: – 30 minutes to Lorient, – 1 hour to Nantes or Rennes, – 3.5 to 4 hours to Paris. The Transport express régional or TER is a slower train to join railway stations in the close neighborhood, as Auray or Questembert. There is no direct railway from Vannes to Saint-Brieuc (118 km away in the north of Brittany), so the train from Vannes to Saint Brieuc goes via Rennes, which doubles the travel time and cost: it takes 2 to 3 hours to go from Vannes to Saint Brieuc by train. Car Two highways, in the north of Vannes, provide fast connections by car: – N165: drive west to Lorient (58 km) and Quimper (122 km), south east to Nantes (111 km) – N166: drive north east to Rennes (113 km) + a network of small roads connects Vannes to smaller cities. There is no highway from Vannes to Saint-Brieuc, so the way to northern Brittany consists of small roads. The lack of highway or railway between Vannes and Saint-Brieuc (118 km north) cuts the communications between northern and southern Brittany, and limits Brittany economic performance. Airplanes Vannes has a small airfield in the village of Monterblanc, called Vannes-Meucon airport, or "Vannes – Golfe du Morbihan airport". It used to be a military airport, but it is now dedicated to general aviation aircraft. It belongs to Vannes Agglomeration community, the group of cities gathered around Vannes, and the main users of this airfield are Vannes flying club, the local ultralight aviation club, and Vannes school of skydiving. Bus There are 2 bus networks in Vannes: – Kicéo, proposes short travels starting from Vannes Place de la Republique on behalf of Vannes Agglomeration community, – CAT, propose longer travel starting from the railway station on behalf of Morbihan. So there are 2 central bus stations in Vannes: one on Place de la Libération, the other at the railway station. Bike Vannes city had a public bicycle rental program, called Velocea based on the same idea as the Paris Vélib'. Hundreds of bicycles are available in 20 automated rental stations each with 10 to fifteen bikes/spaces. Each Velocea service station is equipped with an automatic rental terminal and stands for bicycles. The bicycles were robust and heavy 18 kilograms (40 lb), and the user could take a bike in any station, and let it in any station, for a cost as: free the first 4 hours, 1 euro the next 30 minutes,2 euros per hour. Unfortunatelly, the service was discontinued by August 2017. Monuments and sights Cathedral of St Peter, gothic cathedral Church of St Patern, classic church Chapel of Saint-Yves, baroque church Château Gaillard (medieval house now used as an archaeological museum) Musée de la Cohue (fine arts museum) Hôtel de Ville Old city walls, which include : Tour du Connétable (a large medieval tower part of the old city walls) Château de l'Hermine (former castle, transformed into a palace in the 17th century, and a residence of the Dukes of Brittany between the 13th and 16th centuries) Porte Calmont, medieval city gate Porte Prison, medieval city gate Porte Poterne, medieval city gate Porte Saint-Jean, medieval city gate Porte Saint-Vincent, 18th century city gate Many timber-framed houses in the old town "Vannes and his wife", a funny painted granite sculpture from the 15th century in front of Château Gaillard The harbour Education Institut catholique d'arts et métiers Université de Bretagne Sud In fiction In the last of the Three Musketeers novels of Alexandre Dumas, The Vicomte of Bragelonne: Ten Years Later, published in 1847, the musketeer Aramis appears as bishop of Vannes before becoming General of the Society of Jesus. In Sébastien Roch, a novel by Octave Mirbeau published in 1890, Sebastien is sent to a school in Vannes, Saint-François-Xavier, where he is a victim of sexual abuse. In Sir Nigel, a novel by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle published in 1906, Nigel is made seneschal of the Castle of Vannes after a battle in Brittany. He doesn't remain in Vannes, since after winning in another battle, the Black Prince dubs him a knight and Nigelreturns to England to wed the Lady Mary. Jean-François Parot has written a series of crime fictions printed up to 2010 taking place in the 18th century, whose main character is Nicolas Le Floch, a Police Commissioner who was also educated in the school of Saint François-Xavier in Vannes, but he didn't share Sebastien Roch's misfortune. The Nicolas Le Floch novels have been adapted as a television series. In The Secret Of The Missing Boat, a children's book by Paul Berna published in 1966 as La Voile Rouge. In "Charlemagne and Florent," a short story by Ranylt Richildis published in 2014 by Myths Inscribed. Vannes is a major location in C.J. Adrien's novel The Oath of the Father, published in 2015, about the Viking raids in Brittany. Notable people Vannes was the birthplace of: Albinus of Angers (born 469), Roman Catholic saint Saint Emilion (Emilianus) (?-767), monk and Roman Catholic saint, he gave his name to one of the main red wine areas of Bordeaux Duke François I (1414–1450) of Brittany Louis-Marie Autissier (1772–1830), painter Louise Bourgoin (born 1981), actress Gabriel Fabre (1774–1858), general of the First French Empire Pierre de La Gorce (1846–1934), historian Paul César Helleu (1859–1927), painter Émile Jourdan (1860–1931), painter of Pont-Aven School Delly (alias Frédéric Petitjean de la Rosière) (1876–1949), novel writer with his sister Jeanne-Marie Alain de Goué (1879–1918), historian Alphonse Barbé (1885–1983), journalist and anarchist Louis Martin-Chauffier (1894–1980), writer, journalist and member of the French Resistance Yves Rocard (1903–1992), physicist Colonel Remy (alias Gilbert Renault) (1904–1984), secret agent of the French Resistance Alain Resnais (1922-2014), film director Jean Vezin (1933–), palaeographer Yves Coppens (born 1934), paleontologist Serge Latouche (born 1940), economist Jacques Ramouillet (born 1941), mountaineer Cédric Morgan (born 1943), writer, winner of the Prix Breizh in 2015 Claude-Michel Schönberg, (born 1944), singer and songwriter Bernard Poignant (born 1945), French politician Hélène de Fougerolles (born 1973), actress Mathieu Berson (born 1980), footballer Joris Marveaux footballer Sylvain Marveaux footballer Yann Kermorgant footballer Sport The local football team is Vannes OC, members of the Championnat de France de Ligue 2 for the 2009-10 season. The Rugby Club Vannes is the rugby union team and competed in Pro D2 for the 2015-16 season. Both teams play at the Stade de la Rabine built in 2001. The town was the start line for stage 9 of the 2015 Tour de France International relations See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in France Twin towns – Sister cities Vannes is twinned with: Town Region Country Since Mons Wallonia Belgium 1952 Cuxhaven Lower Saxony Germany 1963 Fareham[7] Hampshire UK 1967 Vannes also has partnerships (‘partenariats’) with: Mali Barouéli, Mali Poland Wałbrzych, P

Vannes (French pronunciation: [van]; Breton: Gwened) is a commune in the Morbihan department in Brittany in north-western France. It was founded over 2,000 years ago.

Geography
Vannes, located on the Gulf of Morbihan at the mouth of two rivers, the Marle and the Vincin, is around 100 kilometres (62 miles) northwest of Nantes and 450 km (280 mi) south west of Paris. Vannes is a market town linked to the sea.

History
See also: Veneti (Gaul) and Bro Gwened

The name Vannes comes from the Veneti, a seafaring Celtic people who lived in the south-western part of Armorica in Gaul before the Roman invasions. The region seems to have been involved in a cross channel trade for thousands of years, probably using hide boats and perhaps Ferriby Boats. Wheat that apparently was grown in the Middle East was part of this trade. At about 150 BC the evidence of trade (such as Gallo-Belgic coins) with the Thames estuary area of Great Britain dramatically increased.

The Veneti were defeated by Julius Caesar's fleet in 56 BC in front of Locmariaquer; many of the Veneti were then either slaughtered or sold into slavery. The Romans settled a town called Darioritum in a location previously belonging to the Veneti. From the 5th to the 7th century, the remaining Gauls were displaced or assimilated by waves of immigrant Britons fleeing the Saxon invasions of Britain. Under the Breton name Gwened (also derived from the Veneti), the town was the center of an independent principality or kingdom variously called Bro-Wened ("Vannes") or Bro-Ereg ("land of Gwereg"), the latter for a prominent member of its dynasty, which claimed descent from Caradog Strongarm. The diocese of Vannes was erected in the 5th century. The Council of Vannes was held there in 461. The realm annexed Cornouaille for a time in the early 6th century but was permanently joined with Domnonia under its king and saint Judicaël around 635.

In 1342, Vannes was besieged four times between forces from both sides of the Breton War of Succession. The city's defending commander, Olivier de Clisson IV was captured by the English, but finally released. The French eventually executed him on suspicion that the ransom was unusually low and therefore he may have been a traitor.

In 1759, Vannes was used as the staging point for a planned French invasion of Britain. A large army was assembled there, but it was never able to sail following the French naval defeat at the Battle of Quiberon Bay in November 1759.

In 1795, during the French Revolution, French forces based in Vannes successfully repelled a planned British-Royalist invasion.

Population
Inhabitants of Vannes are called Vannetais.

Breton language
The municipality launched a linguistic plan through Ya d'ar brezhoneg on 12 October 2007.

In 2008, 7.71% of the children attended the bilingual schools in primary education.[6]

Transport
Train
The Gare de Vannes railway station offers connections to Quimper, Rennes, Nantes, Paris and several regional destinations.
With the fast train TGV, the journey takes:
– 30 minutes to Lorient,
– 1 hour to Nantes or Rennes,
– 3.5 to 4 hours to Paris.
The Transport express régional or TER is a slower train to join railway stations in the close neighborhood, as Auray or Questembert.
There is no direct railway from Vannes to Saint-Brieuc (118 km away in the north of Brittany), so the train from Vannes to Saint Brieuc goes via Rennes, which doubles the travel time and cost: it takes 2 to 3 hours to go from Vannes to Saint Brieuc by train.

Car
Two highways, in the north of Vannes, provide fast connections by car:
– N165: drive west to Lorient (58 km) and Quimper (122 km), south east to Nantes (111 km)
– N166: drive north east to Rennes (113 km)
+ a network of small roads connects Vannes to smaller cities. There is no highway from Vannes to Saint-Brieuc, so the way to northern Brittany consists of small roads. The lack of highway or railway between Vannes and Saint-Brieuc (118 km north) cuts the communications between northern and southern Brittany, and limits Brittany economic performance.

Airplanes
Vannes has a small airfield in the village of Monterblanc, called Vannes-Meucon airport, or "Vannes – Golfe du Morbihan airport". It used to be a military airport, but it is now dedicated to general aviation aircraft. It belongs to Vannes Agglomeration community, the group of cities gathered around Vannes, and the main users of this airfield are Vannes flying club, the local ultralight aviation club, and Vannes school of skydiving.

Bus
There are 2 bus networks in Vannes: – Kicéo, proposes short travels starting from Vannes Place de la Republique on behalf of Vannes Agglomeration community,
– CAT, propose longer travel starting from the railway station on behalf of Morbihan.
So there are 2 central bus stations in Vannes: one on Place de la Libération, the other at the railway station.

Bike
Vannes city had a public bicycle rental program, called Velocea based on the same idea as the Paris Vélib'. Hundreds of bicycles are available in 20 automated rental stations each with 10 to fifteen bikes/spaces. Each Velocea service station is equipped with an automatic rental terminal and stands for bicycles. The bicycles were robust and heavy 18 kilograms (40 lb), and the user could take a bike in any station, and let it in any station, for a cost as: free the first 4 hours, 1 euro the next 30 minutes,2 euros per hour. Unfortunatelly, the service was discontinued by August 2017.

Monuments and sights
Cathedral of St Peter, gothic cathedral
Church of St Patern, classic church
Chapel of Saint-Yves, baroque church
Château Gaillard (medieval house now used as an archaeological museum)
Musée de la Cohue (fine arts museum)
Hôtel de Ville
Old city walls, which include :
Tour du Connétable (a large medieval tower part of the old city walls)
Château de l'Hermine (former castle, transformed into a palace in the 17th century, and a residence of the Dukes of Brittany between the 13th and 16th centuries)
Porte Calmont, medieval city gate
Porte Prison, medieval city gate
Porte Poterne, medieval city gate
Porte Saint-Jean, medieval city gate
Porte Saint-Vincent, 18th century city gate
Many timber-framed houses in the old town
"Vannes and his wife", a funny painted granite sculpture from the 15th century in front of Château Gaillard
The harbour
Education
Institut catholique d'arts et métiers
Université de Bretagne Sud
In fiction
In the last of the Three Musketeers novels of Alexandre Dumas, The Vicomte of Bragelonne: Ten Years Later, published in 1847, the musketeer Aramis appears as bishop of Vannes before becoming General of the Society of Jesus.
In Sébastien Roch, a novel by Octave Mirbeau published in 1890, Sebastien is sent to a school in Vannes, Saint-François-Xavier, where he is a victim of sexual abuse.
In Sir Nigel, a novel by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle published in 1906, Nigel is made seneschal of the Castle of Vannes after a battle in Brittany. He doesn't remain in Vannes, since after winning in another battle, the Black Prince dubs him a knight and Nigelreturns to England to wed the Lady Mary.
Jean-François Parot has written a series of crime fictions printed up to 2010 taking place in the 18th century, whose main character is Nicolas Le Floch, a Police Commissioner who was also educated in the school of Saint François-Xavier in Vannes, but he didn't share Sebastien Roch's misfortune. The Nicolas Le Floch novels have been adapted as a television series.
In The Secret Of The Missing Boat, a children's book by Paul Berna published in 1966 as La Voile Rouge.
In "Charlemagne and Florent," a short story by Ranylt Richildis published in 2014 by Myths Inscribed.
Vannes is a major location in C.J. Adrien's novel The Oath of the Father, published in 2015, about the Viking raids in Brittany.
Notable people
Vannes was the birthplace of:

Albinus of Angers (born 469), Roman Catholic saint
Saint Emilion (Emilianus) (?-767), monk and Roman Catholic saint, he gave his name to one of the main red wine areas of Bordeaux
Duke François I (1414–1450) of Brittany
Louis-Marie Autissier (1772–1830), painter
Louise Bourgoin (born 1981), actress
Gabriel Fabre (1774–1858), general of the First French Empire
Pierre de La Gorce (1846–1934), historian
Paul César Helleu (1859–1927), painter
Émile Jourdan (1860–1931), painter of Pont-Aven School
Delly (alias Frédéric Petitjean de la Rosière) (1876–1949), novel writer with his sister Jeanne-Marie
Alain de Goué (1879–1918), historian
Alphonse Barbé (1885–1983), journalist and anarchist
Louis Martin-Chauffier (1894–1980), writer, journalist and member of the French Resistance
Yves Rocard (1903–1992), physicist
Colonel Remy (alias Gilbert Renault) (1904–1984), secret agent of the French Resistance
Alain Resnais (1922-2014), film director
Jean Vezin (1933–), palaeographer
Yves Coppens (born 1934), paleontologist
Serge Latouche (born 1940), economist
Jacques Ramouillet (born 1941), mountaineer
Cédric Morgan (born 1943), writer, winner of the Prix Breizh in 2015
Claude-Michel Schönberg, (born 1944), singer and songwriter
Bernard Poignant (born 1945), French politician
Hélène de Fougerolles (born 1973), actress
Mathieu Berson (born 1980), footballer
Joris Marveaux footballer
Sylvain Marveaux footballer
Yann Kermorgant footballer
Sport
The local football team is Vannes OC, members of the Championnat de France de Ligue 2 for the 2009-10 season.

The Rugby Club Vannes is the rugby union team and competed in Pro D2 for the 2015-16 season.

Both teams play at the Stade de la Rabine built in 2001.

The town was the start line for stage 9 of the 2015 Tour de France

International relations
See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in France

Twin towns – Sister cities
Vannes is twinned with:

Town Region Country
Since

Mons Wallonia Belgium 1952
Cuxhaven Lower Saxony Germany 1963
Fareham[7]

Hampshire UK 1967
Vannes also has partnerships (‘partenariats’) with:

Mali Barouéli, Mali
Poland Wałbrzych, P