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Source: Wikiwand: List of rulers of Brittany

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This is a list of rulers of the Duchy of Brittany. In different epochs the sovereigns of Brittany were kings, princes, and dukes. The Breton ruler was sometimes elected, sometimes attained the position by conquest or intrigue, or by hereditary right. Hereditary dukes were sometimes a female ruler, carrying the title duchesse of Brittany. Its principal cities and regions were ruled by counts who often found themselves in conflict with the Breton ruler, or who became the Breton ruler. During the declining years of the Roman Empire, the earliest Breton rulers in Gaul were styled "kings" of the small realms of Cornouaille and Domnonia. Some such kings may have had a form of hegemony over all of the Brythonic populations in the Armorican peninsula, and Riothamus is called King of the Britons by the chronicler Jordanes. However, there are no certain rulers of the whole of Brittany, which was divided into the fiefdoms of local counts. The Duchy of Brittany had its origins in the Battle of Trans-la-Forêt of 939, which established the river Couesnon as the boundary between Brittany and Normandy.[1] In 942, Alan II paid homage to Louis IV of France, however the duchy did not gain royal attention until 1123, when Louis VI of France confirmed the bishop of Nantes.[2] No other Duke of Brittany repeated Alan II's homage until Arthur I recognised Philip II of France as his liege in 1202.[3] The area was often called a Duchy, and its rulers were considered independent Sovereign Dukes. However one historical view is that before the middle of the 12th century the Dukes of Brittany were often also called Counts by the Kings of France, as the kingdom of France then saw Brittany as no more than a county.[citation needed] In 1297, the peninsula was elevated into a Duchy in the peerage of France.[4] This view is not consistent with the manner in which Charles VIII of France and then Louis XII of France approached the Duchy and the rights of Anne of Brittany who married each in succession. Early Breton rulers Conan Meriadoc (4th century) - by tradition, the founder of Brittany Budic II (early 6th century) Waroch II (late 6th century) Saint Judicaël (early 7th century) Alain II Hir (c.640?-690) Morman (r. 814–818) Wihomarc (r. 822–825) Dukes of Brittany Dukes under the Carolingians Nominoe (or Nevenoe) (r.841–851), as a missus dominicus of the Emperor Louis the Pious,[5] a count of Vannes (Gwened) and arguably a duke (dux) of Brittany Erispoe (r.851–857), as a duke, then as a king Salomon (or Salaun) (r.857–874), as a duke, then a king Pasquitan (or Paskweten) (r.874–877), ruling Brittany (southern part) with Gurvand Gurvand (r.874–877), ruling Brittany (northern part) with Pasquitan Judicael (r.877–888), successor of Gurvand, ruled Brittany (north) with Alan the Great (south) Alan the Great (reigned from 877 to 888 with Judicaël, alone as a duke, then as a king up to 907) Gourmaëlon, Count of Cornouaille (reigned from 907 as a guardian of the kingdom) The succession was interrupted by the Viking occupation (907–937) House of Nantes Name Portrait Birth Marriages Death Alan II the Fox (Alan al Louarn) 938–952 c. before 919 son of Mathuedoi, Count of Poher, and a daughter of Alan I (1) Roscille of Anjou 943 (2) ? of Blois bef. 949/51 one son c. 952 Nantes aged 33+ Drogo (Drogon) 952–958 c. 949/52 only son of Alan II never married c. 958 Angers aged 5–9 Hoël I (Hoel Iañ ) 958–981 ? illegitimate son of Alan II and Judith never married c. 981 Guerech (Guerech Iañ) 981-988 ? illegitimate son of Alan II and Judith, younger brother of Hoël I married to Aremburga of Ancenis after 981 one son c. 988 Alan (Alan Breizh) 988-990 after 981 son of Guerech and Aremburga of Ancenis never married c. 990 House of Rennes Name Portrait Birth Marriages Death Conan I (Konan Iañ) 990–992 c. 927 eldest son of Judicael Berengar, Count of Rennes and Gerberga Ermengarde-Gerberga of Anjou 973 five children 27 June 992 Conquereuil aged 64–65 Geoffrey I (Jafrez Iañ ) 992–1008 c. 980 eldest son of Conan I and Ermengarde-Gerberga of Anjou Hawise of Normandy 996 four children 20 November 1008 aged 27–28 Alan III (Alan III) 1008–1040 with Odo I (1008–1034) c. 997 eldest son of Geoffrey I and Hawise of Normandy Bertha of Blois 1018 two children 1 October 1040 Montgommery aged 42–43 Odo I (Eozen I) 1008–1034 with Alan III c. 999 second son of Geoffrey I and Hawise of Normandy Orguen of Cornouaille six children c. 1079 Cesson aged 79–80 Conan II (Konan II) 1040–1066 with Odo I as regent (1040–1057) c. 1033 only son of Alan III and Bertha of Blois never married 11 December 1066 Château-Gontier aged 32–33 Hawise (Hawiz) 1066–1072 with Hoël II c. 1037 only daughter of Alan III and Bertha of Blois 1066 seven children 19 August 1072 aged 34–35 Hoël II (Hoël II) 1066–1072 with Hawise c. 1031 eldest son of Alain Canhiart, Count of Cornouaille and Judith of Nantes 13 April 1084 aged 52–53 House of Cornouaille Name Portrait Birth Marriages Death Alan IV the Younger (Alan IV Fergant ) 1072–1112 with Hoël II as regent (1072–1084) bef. 1060 eldest son of Hoël II and Hawise (1) Constance of Normandy 1086/88 no issues (2) Ermengarde of Anjou 1093 three children 13 October 1119 Redon Abbey aged 60s Conan III the Fat (Konan III) 1112–1148 c. 1093-1096 eldest son of Alan IV and Ermengarde of Anjou Maud FitzRoy 1112 three children 17 September 1148 aged 54–58 Bertha (Berta) 1148–1156 with Odo II c. 1114 eldest daughter of Conan III and Maud FitzRoy (1) Alan, 1st Earl of Richmond 1137/8 three children (2) Odo II 1148 three children c. 1156 aged 41–43 Odo II (Eozen II) 1148–1156 with Bertha ? eldest son of Geoffrey, Viscount of Porhoet and Hawise (1) Bertha 1148 three children (2) Joan-Eleanor of Léon August 1167 two or three children c. 1170 House of Penthièvre Name Portrait Birth Marriages Death Conan IV the Black (Konan IV) 1156–1166 c. 1138 only son of Alan of Penthièvre, 1st Earl of Richmond and Bertha Margaret of Huntingdon 1160 one daughter 20 February 1171 aged 33 Constance (Konstanza) 1166–1201 with Geoffrey II (1181–1186) with Ranulf (1188–1199) with Guy (1199-1201) 12 June 1161 only daughter of Conan IV and Margaret of Huntingdon (1) Geoffrey II July 1181 three children (2) Ranulf 3 February 1188 no issue (3) Guy of Thouars October 1199 two or three daughters 5 September 1201 Nantes aged 40 Geoffrey II (Jafrez II) 1181–1186 with Constance 23 September 1158 fourth son of Henry II of England and Eleanor of Aquitaine Constance July 1181 three children 19 August 1186 Paris, France aged 27 Ranulf (Ranulf) 1188–1199 with Constance[6] c. 1172 Montgomeryshire, Powys, England only son of Hugh de Kevelioc, 5th Earl of Chester and Bertrade de Montfort (1) Constance 3 February 1188 no issue (2) Clemence of Fougères bef. 7 October 1200 no issue 28 October 1232 Wallingford, Berkshire, England aged 59–60 Guy (Gi) 1199-1201 1203-1213 with Constance (1199-1201) with Alix (1203-1213) birth date unknown second son of Aimery IV of Thouars and Aénor of Lusignan (1) Constance October 1199 two or three daughters (2) Eustachie of Chemillé 1203 two sons 13 April 1213 Chemillé, France House of Plantagenet Name Portrait Birth Marriages Death Arthur I (Arzhur Iañ) 1196–1203 with Constance (1196-1201) 29 March 1187 Nantes only son of Geoffrey II and Constance never married 3 April 1203 Rouen aged 16 Eleanor, Fair Maid of Brittany, eldest daughter of Geoffrey and Constance and full elder sister of Arthur, also unmarried, was prevented from succession for her imprisonment in England which lasted till her death in 1241, thus was only a titular duchess until 1214 when King John of England ceased to support her claim. House of Thouars Name Portrait Birth Marriages Death Alix (Alis) 1203-1221 with Guy as regent (1203-1213) with Peter I (1213–1221) 1200 eldest daughter of Guy and Constance Peter I 1213 three children 21 October 1221 aged 21 Peter I Mauclerc (Pêr Iañ) 1213–1221 with Alix c. 1190 second son of Robert II of Dreux and Yolanda de Coucy (1) Alix 1213 three children (2) Nicole c. 1230 one son (3) Marguerite de Commequiers bef. January 1236 no issues 6 July 1250 sea off Damietta aged 59–60 House of Dreux Name Portrait Birth Marriages Death John I the Red (Yann Iañ ar Ruz) 1221-1286 with Peter I as regent (1221–1237) c. 1217/18 eldest son of Peter I and Alix Blanche of Navarre Château-Thierry, Aisne 16 January 1236 eight children 8 October 1286 Château de l'Isle, Férel, Morbihan aged 67–69 John II (Yann II) 1286–1305 3/4 January 1239 eldest son of John I and Blanche of Navarre Beatrice of England Westminster Abbey, London 25 December 1260 eight children 16 November 1305 Lyon aged 66 Arthur II (Arzhur II) 1305–1312 2 July 1262 eldest son of John II and Beatrice of England (1) Marie of Limoges Tours 1277 three children (2) Yolande of Dreux May 1292 six children 27 August 1312 Château de l'Isle, Férel, Morbihan aged 50 John III the Good (Yann III) 1312–1341 8 March 1286 Château de Champtoceaux, Maine-et-Loire eldest son of Arthur II and Marie of Limoges (1) Isabella of Valois 18 February 1298 no issues (2) Isabella of Castile and León Burgos 21 June 1310 no issues (3) Joan of Savoy Chartres 21 March 1330 no issues 30 April 1341 Caen aged 55 Breton War of Succession Name Portrait Birth Marriages Death Joan the Lame (Janed) 1341-1364 with Charles I c. 1319 only daughter of Guy of Brittany, Count of Penthièvre and Joan of Avaugour Paris 4 June 1337 five children 10 September 1384 Guingamp aged 61–62 Charles I (Charlez Iañ) 1341–1364 with Joan c. 1319 Blois second son of Guy I, Count of Blois and Margaret of Valois 29 September 1364 Auray aged 44–45 John (IV) of Montfort (Yann IV Moñforzh) May 1341-1345 c. 1293 only son of Arthur II and Yolande de Dreux Joanna of Flanders Chartres March 1329 two children 26 September 1345 Château d'Hennebon, Hennebont aged 51–52 John (V) of Montfort (Yann V Moñforzh) 1345-1364 c. 1339 only son of John of Montfort and Jo..

This is a list of rulers of the Duchy of Brittany. In different epochs the sovereigns of Brittany were kings, princes, and dukes. The Breton ruler was sometimes elected, sometimes attained the position by conquest or intrigue, or by hereditary right. Hereditary dukes were sometimes a female ruler, carrying the title duchesse of Brittany. Its principal cities and regions were ruled by counts who often found themselves in conflict with the Breton ruler, or who became the Breton ruler.

During the declining years of the Roman Empire, the earliest Breton rulers in Gaul were styled "kings" of the small realms of Cornouaille and Domnonia. Some such kings may have had a form of hegemony over all of the Brythonic populations in the Armorican peninsula, and Riothamus is called King of the Britons by the chronicler Jordanes. However, there are no certain rulers of the whole of Brittany, which was divided into the fiefdoms of local counts.

The Duchy of Brittany had its origins in the Battle of Trans-la-Forêt of 939, which established the river Couesnon as the boundary between Brittany and Normandy.[1] In 942, Alan II paid homage to Louis IV of France, however the duchy did not gain royal attention until 1123, when Louis VI of France confirmed the bishop of Nantes.[2] No other Duke of Brittany repeated Alan II's homage until Arthur I recognised Philip II of France as his liege in 1202.[3]

The area was often called a Duchy, and its rulers were considered independent Sovereign Dukes. However one historical view is that before the middle of the 12th century the Dukes of Brittany were often also called Counts by the Kings of France, as the kingdom of France then saw Brittany as no more than a county.[citation needed] In 1297, the peninsula was elevated into a Duchy in the peerage of France.[4] This view is not consistent with the manner in which Charles VIII of France and then Louis XII of France approached the Duchy and the rights of Anne of Brittany who married each in succession.

Early Breton rulers
Conan Meriadoc (4th century) - by tradition, the founder of Brittany
Budic II (early 6th century)
Waroch II (late 6th century)
Saint Judicaël (early 7th century)
Alain II Hir (c.640?-690)
Morman (r. 814–818)
Wihomarc (r. 822–825)
Dukes of Brittany
Dukes under the Carolingians
Nominoe (or Nevenoe) (r.841–851), as a missus dominicus of the Emperor Louis the Pious,[5] a count of Vannes (Gwened) and arguably a duke (dux) of Brittany
Erispoe (r.851–857), as a duke, then as a king
Salomon (or Salaun) (r.857–874), as a duke, then a king
Pasquitan (or Paskweten) (r.874–877), ruling Brittany (southern part) with Gurvand
Gurvand (r.874–877), ruling Brittany (northern part) with Pasquitan
Judicael (r.877–888), successor of Gurvand, ruled Brittany (north) with Alan the Great (south)
Alan the Great (reigned from 877 to 888 with Judicaël, alone as a duke, then as a king up to 907)
Gourmaëlon, Count of Cornouaille (reigned from 907 as a guardian of the kingdom)
The succession was interrupted by the Viking occupation (907–937)

House of Nantes
Name Portrait Birth Marriages Death
Alan II
the Fox
(Alan al Louarn)
938–952 c. before 919
son of Mathuedoi, Count of Poher, and a daughter of Alan I (1) Roscille of Anjou
943
(2) ? of Blois
bef. 949/51
one son c. 952
Nantes
aged 33+
Drogo
(Drogon)
952–958 c. 949/52
only son of Alan II never married c. 958
Angers
aged 5–9
Hoël I
(Hoel Iañ )
958–981 ?
illegitimate son of Alan II and Judith never married c. 981
Guerech
(Guerech Iañ)
981-988 ?
illegitimate son of Alan II and Judith, younger brother of Hoël I married to Aremburga of Ancenis
after 981
one son c. 988
Alan
(Alan Breizh)
988-990 after 981
son of Guerech and Aremburga of Ancenis never married c. 990
House of Rennes
Name Portrait Birth Marriages Death
Conan I
(Konan Iañ)
990–992 c. 927
eldest son of Judicael Berengar, Count of Rennes and Gerberga Ermengarde-Gerberga of Anjou
973
five children 27 June 992
Conquereuil
aged 64–65
Geoffrey I
(Jafrez Iañ )
992–1008 c. 980
eldest son of Conan I and Ermengarde-Gerberga of Anjou Hawise of Normandy
996
four children 20 November 1008
aged 27–28
Alan III
(Alan III)
1008–1040
with Odo I (1008–1034)

c. 997
eldest son of Geoffrey I and Hawise of Normandy Bertha of Blois
1018
two children 1 October 1040
Montgommery
aged 42–43
Odo I
(Eozen I)
1008–1034
with Alan III

c. 999
second son of Geoffrey I and Hawise of Normandy Orguen of Cornouaille
six children c. 1079
Cesson
aged 79–80
Conan II
(Konan II)
1040–1066
with Odo I as regent (1040–1057) c. 1033
only son of Alan III and Bertha of Blois never married 11 December 1066
Château-Gontier
aged 32–33
Hawise
(Hawiz)
1066–1072
with Hoël II c. 1037
only daughter of Alan III and Bertha of Blois 1066
seven children 19 August 1072
aged 34–35
Hoël II
(Hoël II)
1066–1072
with Hawise c. 1031
eldest son of Alain Canhiart, Count of Cornouaille and Judith of Nantes 13 April 1084
aged 52–53
House of Cornouaille
Name Portrait Birth Marriages Death
Alan IV
the Younger
(Alan IV Fergant )
1072–1112
with Hoël II as regent
(1072–1084)

bef. 1060
eldest son of Hoël II and Hawise (1) Constance of Normandy
1086/88
no issues
(2) Ermengarde of Anjou
1093
three children 13 October 1119
Redon Abbey
aged 60s
Conan III
the Fat
(Konan III)
1112–1148

c. 1093-1096
eldest son of Alan IV and Ermengarde of Anjou Maud FitzRoy
1112
three children 17 September 1148
aged 54–58
Bertha
(Berta)
1148–1156
with Odo II

c. 1114
eldest daughter of Conan III and Maud FitzRoy (1) Alan, 1st Earl of Richmond
1137/8
three children
(2) Odo II
1148
three children c. 1156
aged 41–43
Odo II
(Eozen II)
1148–1156
with Bertha

?
eldest son of Geoffrey, Viscount of Porhoet and Hawise (1) Bertha
1148
three children
(2) Joan-Eleanor of Léon
August 1167
two or three children c. 1170
House of Penthièvre
Name Portrait Birth Marriages Death
Conan IV the Black
(Konan IV)
1156–1166

c. 1138
only son of Alan of Penthièvre, 1st Earl of Richmond and Bertha Margaret of Huntingdon
1160
one daughter 20 February 1171
aged 33
Constance
(Konstanza)
1166–1201
with Geoffrey II
(1181–1186)
with Ranulf
(1188–1199)
with Guy
(1199-1201)

12 June 1161
only daughter of Conan IV and Margaret of Huntingdon (1) Geoffrey II
July 1181
three children
(2) Ranulf
3 February 1188
no issue
(3) Guy of Thouars
October 1199
two or three daughters 5 September 1201
Nantes
aged 40
Geoffrey II
(Jafrez II)
1181–1186
with Constance

23 September 1158
fourth son of Henry II of England and Eleanor of Aquitaine Constance
July 1181
three children 19 August 1186
Paris, France
aged 27
Ranulf
(Ranulf)
1188–1199
with Constance[6]

c. 1172
Montgomeryshire, Powys, England
only son of Hugh de Kevelioc, 5th Earl of Chester and Bertrade de Montfort (1) Constance
3 February 1188
no issue
(2) Clemence of Fougères
bef. 7 October 1200
no issue
28 October 1232
Wallingford, Berkshire, England
aged 59–60
Guy
(Gi)
1199-1201
1203-1213
with Constance
(1199-1201)
with Alix
(1203-1213) birth date unknown
second son of Aimery IV of Thouars and Aénor of Lusignan (1) Constance
October 1199
two or three daughters
(2) Eustachie of Chemillé
1203
two sons 13 April 1213
Chemillé, France
House of Plantagenet
Name Portrait Birth Marriages Death
Arthur I
(Arzhur Iañ)
1196–1203
with Constance
(1196-1201)

29 March 1187
Nantes
only son of Geoffrey II and Constance never married 3 April 1203
Rouen
aged 16
Eleanor, Fair Maid of Brittany, eldest daughter of Geoffrey and Constance and full elder sister of Arthur, also unmarried, was prevented from succession for her imprisonment in England which lasted till her death in 1241, thus was only a titular duchess until 1214 when King John of England ceased to support her claim.

House of Thouars
Name Portrait Birth Marriages Death
Alix
(Alis)
1203-1221
with Guy as regent
(1203-1213)
with Peter I
(1213–1221)

1200
eldest daughter of Guy and Constance Peter I
1213
three children 21 October 1221
aged 21
Peter I
Mauclerc
(Pêr Iañ)
1213–1221
with Alix

c. 1190
second son of Robert II of Dreux and Yolanda de Coucy (1) Alix
1213
three children
(2) Nicole
c. 1230
one son
(3) Marguerite de Commequiers
bef. January 1236
no issues 6 July 1250
sea off Damietta
aged 59–60
House of Dreux
Name Portrait Birth Marriages Death
John I
the Red
(Yann Iañ ar Ruz)
1221-1286
with Peter I as regent
(1221–1237)

c. 1217/18
eldest son of Peter I and Alix Blanche of Navarre
Château-Thierry, Aisne
16 January 1236
eight children 8 October 1286
Château de l'Isle, Férel, Morbihan
aged 67–69
John II
(Yann II)
1286–1305

3/4 January 1239
eldest son of John I and Blanche of Navarre Beatrice of England
Westminster Abbey, London
25 December 1260
eight children 16 November 1305
Lyon
aged 66
Arthur II
(Arzhur II)
1305–1312

2 July 1262
eldest son of John II and Beatrice of England (1) Marie of Limoges
Tours
1277
three children
(2) Yolande of Dreux
May 1292
six children 27 August 1312
Château de l'Isle, Férel, Morbihan
aged 50
John III
the Good
(Yann III)
1312–1341

8 March 1286
Château de Champtoceaux, Maine-et-Loire
eldest son of Arthur II and Marie of Limoges (1) Isabella of Valois
18 February 1298
no issues
(2) Isabella of Castile and León
Burgos
21 June 1310
no issues
(3) Joan of Savoy
Chartres
21 March 1330
no issues 30 April 1341
Caen
aged 55
Breton War of Succession
Name Portrait Birth Marriages Death
Joan
the Lame
(Janed)
1341-1364
with Charles I

c. 1319
only daughter of Guy of Brittany, Count of Penthièvre and Joan of Avaugour Paris
4 June 1337
five children 10 September 1384
Guingamp
aged 61–62
Charles I
(Charlez Iañ)
1341–1364
with Joan

c. 1319
Blois
second son of Guy I, Count of Blois and Margaret of Valois 29 September 1364
Auray
aged 44–45
John (IV) of Montfort
(Yann IV Moñforzh)
May 1341-1345

c. 1293
only son of Arthur II and Yolande de Dreux Joanna of Flanders
Chartres
March 1329
two children 26 September 1345
Château d'Hennebon, Hennebont
aged 51–52
John (V) of Montfort
(Yann V Moñforzh)
1345-1364

c. 1339
only son of John of Montfort and Jo..