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Source: Wikiwand: Iona

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Titre	Wikiwand: Iona

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Iona (Scottish Gaelic: Ì Chaluim Chille, sometimes simply Ì) is a small island in the Inner Hebrides off the Ross of Mull on the western coast of Scotland. It is mainly known for Iona Abbey, though there are other buildings on the island. Iona Abbey was acentre of Gaelic monasticism for three centuries and is today known for its relative tranquility and natural environment. It is a tourist destination and a place for spiritual retreats. Its modern Scottish Gaelic name means "Iona of (Saint) Columba" (formerly anglicised "Icolmkill"). Etymology The Hebrides have been occupied by the speakers of several languages since the Iron Age, and as a result many of the names of these islands have more than one possible meaning. Nonetheless few, if any, can have accumulated as many different names over thecenturies as the island now known in English as "Iona." The earliest forms of the name enabled place-name scholar William J. Watson to show that the name originally meant something like "yew-place." The element "Ivo-," denoting "yew," occurs in Ogham inscriptions ("Iva-cattos" [genitive], "Iva-geni" [genitive]) and in Gaulish names ("Ivo-rix," "Ivo-magus") and may form the basis of early Gaelic names like "Eógan" (ogham: "Ivo-genos"). It is possible that the name is related to the mythological figure, "Fir hÍ mac Eogabail," foster-son of Manannan, the forenamemeaning "man of the yew." Mac an Tàilleir (2003) lists the more recent Gaelic names of "Ì," "Ì Chaluim Chille" and "Eilean Idhe," noting that the first named is "generally lengthened to avoid confusion" to the second, which means "Calum's (i.e. in latinized form "Columba's") Iona or "island of Calum's monastery." The confusion results from "ì," despite its original etymology as the name of the island, being confused with the Gaelic noun "ì," "island" (now obsolete) of Old Norse origin ("ey," "island," "Eilean Idhe" means "the isleof Iona," also known as "Ì nam ban bòidheach" ("the isle of beautiful women"). The modern English name comes of yet another variant, "Ioua," which was either just Adomnán's attempt to make the Gaelic name fit Latin grammar or else a genuine derivative from "Ivova" ("yew place"). "Ioua's" change to "Iona," attested from c.1274, results from a transcription mistake resulting from the similarity of "n" and "u" in Insular Minuscule. Despite the continuity of forms in Gaelic between the pre-Norse and post-Norse eras, Haswell-Smith (2004) speculates that the name may have a Norse connection, Hiōe meaning "island of the den of the brown bear." The medieval English language version was "Icolmkill" (and variants thereof). Table of earliest forms (incomplete) Form Source Language Notes Ioua insula Adomnán's Vita Columbae (c. 700) Latin Adomnán calls Eigg Egea insula and Skye Scia insula Hii, Hy Bede's Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum Latin Eoa, Iae, Ie, I Cholaim Chille Annals of Ulster Irish, Latin U563 Nauigatio Coluim Chille ad Insolam Iae "The journey of St Columba to Í" U716 Pascha comotatur in Eoa ciuitate "The date of Easter is changed in the monastery of Í") U717 Expulsio familie Ie "The expulsion of the community of Í" U778 Niall...a nn-I Cholaim Chille "Niall... in Í Cholaim Chille" Hi, Eu Lebor na hUidre Irish Hi con ilur a mmartra "Hi with the multitude of its relics" in tan conucaib a chill hi tosuċ .i. Eu "the time he raised his church first i.e. Eu" Eo Walafrid Strabo (c. 831) Latin Insula Pictorum quaedam monstratur in oris fluctivago suspensa salo, cognominis Eo "On the coasts of the Picts is pointed out an isle poised in the rolling sea, whose name is Eo" Euea insula Life of St Cathróe of Metz Latin Folk etymology Murray (1966) claims that the "ancient" Gaelic name was "Innis nan Druinich" ("the isle of Druidic hermits") and repeats a Gaelic story (which he admits is apocryphal) that as Columba's coracle first drew close to the island one of his companions cried out "Chì mi i" meaning "I see her" and that Columba's response was "Henceforth we shall call her Ì." Geology The geology of Iona is quite complex given the island’s size and quite distinct from that of nearby Mull. About half of the island’s bedrock is Scourian gneiss assigned to the Lewisian complex and dating from the Archaean eon making it some of the oldest rock in Britain and indeed Europe. Closely associated with these gneisses are mylonite and meta-anorthosite and melagabbro. Along the eastern coast facing Mull are steeply dipping Neoproterozoic age metaconglomerates, metasandstones, metamudstones and hornfelsed metasiltstones ascribed to the Iona Group, described traditionally as Torridonian. In the southwest and on parts of the west coast are pelites and semipelites of Archaean to Proterozoic age. There are small outcrops of Silurian age pink granite onsoutheastern beaches, similar to those of the Ross of Mull pluton cross the sound to the east. Numerous geological faults cross the island, many in a E-W or NW-SE alignment. Devonian aged microdiorite dykes are found in places and some of these are themselves cut by Palaeocene age camptonite and monchiquite dykes ascribed to the "Iona-Ross of Mull dyke swarm." More recent sedimentary deposits of Quaternary age include both present day beach deposits and raised marine deposits around Iona as well as some restricted areas of blown sand. Geography Iona lies about 2 kilometers (1 mile) from the coast of Mull. It is about 2 km (1 mi) wide and 6 km (4 mi) long with a resident population of 125. Like other places swept by ocean breezes, there are few trees; most of them are near the parish church. Iona's highest point is Dùn Ì, 101 m (331 ft), an Iron Age hill fort dating from 100 BC – AD 200. Iona's geographical features include the Bay at the Back of the Ocean and "Càrn Cùl ri Éirinn" (the Hill/Cairn of [turning the] Back to Ireland), said to be adjacent to the beach where St. Columba first landed. The main settlement, located at St. Ronan's Bay on the eastern side of the island, is called Baile Mòr and is also known locally as "The Village." The primary school, post office, the island's two hotels, the Bishop's House and the ruins of the Nunnery are here. The Abbey and MacLeod Centre are a short walk to the north. Port Bàn (white port) beach on the west side of the island is home to the Iona Beach Party. The main settlement, located at St. Ronan's Bay on the eastern side of the island, is called "Baile Mòr" and also is known locally as "The Village." The primary school, post office, the island's two hotels, the Bishop's House and the ruins of the Nunnery are here. The Abbey and MacLeod Centre are a short walk to the north. Port Bàn (white port) beach on the west side of the island is home to the Iona Beach Party. There are numerous offshore islets and skerries: Eilean Annraidh (island of storm) and Eilean Chalbha (calf island) to the north, Rèidh Eilean and Stac MhicMhurchaidh to the west and Eilean Mùsimul (mouse holm island) and Soa Island to the south are amongthe largest. The steamer "Cathcart Park" carrying a cargo of salt from Runcorn to Wick ran aground on Soa on 15 April 1912, the crew of 11 escaping in two boats. Subdivision On a map of 1874, the following territorial subdivision is indicated (from north to south): . Ceann Tsear . Sliabh Meanach . Machar . Sliginach . Sliabh Siar . Staonaig History Dál Riata In the early Historic Period Iona lay within the Gaelic kingdom of Dál Riata, in the region controlled by the Cenél Loairn (i.e., Lorn, as it was then). The island was the site of a highly important monastery (see Iona Abbey) during the Early Middle Ages.According to tradition the monastery was founded in 563 by the monk Columba, also known as Colm Cille, who had been exiled from his native Ireland as a result of his involvement in the Battle of Cul Dreimhne. Columba and twelve companions went into exileon Iona and founded a monastery there. The monastery was hugely successful, and played a crucial role in the conversion to Christianity of the Picts of present-day Scotland in the late 6th century and of the Anglo-Saxon kingdom of Northumbria in 635. Many satellite institutions were founded, and Iona became the center of one of the most important monastic systems in Great Britain and Ireland. Iona became a renowned center of learning, and its scriptorium produced highly important documents, probably including the original texts of the Iona Chronicle, thought to be the source for the early Irish annals. The monastery is often associated with the distinctive practices and traditions known as Celtic Christianity. In particular, Iona was a major supporter of the "Celtic" system for calculating the date of Easter at the time of the Easter controversy, which pitted supporters of the Celtic system against those favoring the "Roman" system used elsewhere in Western Christianity. The controversy weakened Iona's ties to Northumbria, which adopted the Roman system at the Synod of Whitby in 664, and to Pictland, which followed suit in the early 8th century. Iona itself did not adopt the Roman system until 715, according to the Anglo-Saxon historian Bede. Iona's prominence was further diminished over the next centuries as a result of Viking raids and the rise of other powerful monasteries in the system, such as the Abbey of Kells. The Book of Kells may have been produced or begun on Iona towards the end of the 8th century. Around this time the island's exemplary high crosses were sculpted; these may be the first such crosses to contain the ring around the intersection that became characteristic of the "Celtic cross." The series of Viking raids on Iona began in 794 and, after its treasures had been plundered many times, Columba's relics were removed and divided two ways between Scotland and Ireland in 849 as the monastery was abandoned. Kingdom of the Isles A..

Iona (Scottish Gaelic: Ì Chaluim Chille, sometimes simply Ì) is a small island in the Inner Hebrides off the Ross of Mull on the western coast of Scotland. It is mainly known for Iona Abbey, though there are other buildings on the island. Iona Abbey was acentre of Gaelic monasticism for three centuries and is today known for its relative tranquility and natural environment. It is a tourist destination and a place for spiritual retreats. Its modern Scottish Gaelic name means "Iona of (Saint) Columba" (formerly anglicised "Icolmkill").

Etymology
The Hebrides have been occupied by the speakers of several languages since the Iron Age, and as a result many of the names of these islands have more than one possible meaning. Nonetheless few, if any, can have accumulated as many different names over thecenturies as the island now known in English as "Iona."

The earliest forms of the name enabled place-name scholar William J. Watson to show that the name originally meant something like "yew-place." The element "Ivo-," denoting "yew," occurs in Ogham inscriptions ("Iva-cattos" [genitive], "Iva-geni" [genitive]) and in Gaulish names ("Ivo-rix," "Ivo-magus") and may form the basis of early Gaelic names like "Eógan" (ogham: "Ivo-genos"). It is possible that the name is related to the mythological figure, "Fir hÍ mac Eogabail," foster-son of Manannan, the forenamemeaning "man of the yew."

Mac an Tàilleir (2003) lists the more recent Gaelic names of "Ì," "Ì Chaluim Chille" and "Eilean Idhe," noting that the first named is "generally lengthened to avoid confusion" to the second, which means "Calum's (i.e. in latinized form "Columba's") Iona or "island of Calum's monastery." The confusion results from "ì," despite its original etymology as the name of the island, being confused with the Gaelic noun "ì," "island" (now obsolete) of Old Norse origin ("ey," "island," "Eilean Idhe" means "the isleof Iona," also known as "Ì nam ban bòidheach" ("the isle of beautiful women"). The modern English name comes of yet another variant, "Ioua," which was either just Adomnán's attempt to make the Gaelic name fit Latin grammar or else a genuine derivative from "Ivova" ("yew place"). "Ioua's" change to "Iona," attested from c.1274, results from a transcription mistake resulting from the similarity of "n" and "u" in Insular Minuscule.

Despite the continuity of forms in Gaelic between the pre-Norse and post-Norse eras, Haswell-Smith (2004) speculates that the name may have a Norse connection, Hiōe meaning "island of the den of the brown bear." The medieval English language version was "Icolmkill" (and variants thereof).

Table of earliest forms (incomplete)

Form Source Language Notes
Ioua insula Adomnán's Vita Columbae (c. 700) Latin Adomnán calls Eigg Egea insula and Skye Scia insula
Hii, Hy Bede's Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum Latin
Eoa, Iae, Ie,
I Cholaim Chille Annals of Ulster Irish, Latin U563 Nauigatio Coluim Chille ad Insolam Iae
"The journey of St Columba to Í"
U716 Pascha comotatur in Eoa ciuitate
"The date of Easter is changed in the monastery of Í")
U717 Expulsio familie Ie
"The expulsion of the community of Í"
U778 Niall...a nn-I Cholaim Chille
"Niall... in Í Cholaim Chille"
Hi, Eu Lebor na hUidre Irish Hi con ilur a mmartra
"Hi with the multitude of its relics"
in tan conucaib a chill hi tosuċ .i. Eu
"the time he raised his church first i.e. Eu"
Eo Walafrid Strabo (c. 831) Latin Insula Pictorum quaedam monstratur in oris fluctivago suspensa salo, cognominis Eo
"On the coasts of the Picts is pointed out an isle poised in the rolling sea, whose name is Eo"
Euea insula Life of St Cathróe of Metz Latin

Folk etymology
Murray (1966) claims that the "ancient" Gaelic name was "Innis nan Druinich" ("the isle of Druidic hermits") and repeats a Gaelic story (which he admits is apocryphal) that as Columba's coracle first drew close to the island one of his companions cried out "Chì mi i" meaning "I see her" and that Columba's response was "Henceforth we shall call her Ì."

Geology
The geology of Iona is quite complex given the island’s size and quite distinct from that of nearby Mull. About half of the island’s bedrock is Scourian gneiss assigned to the Lewisian complex and dating from the Archaean eon making it some of the oldest rock in Britain and indeed Europe. Closely associated with these gneisses are mylonite and meta-anorthosite and melagabbro. Along the eastern coast facing Mull are steeply dipping Neoproterozoic age metaconglomerates, metasandstones, metamudstones and hornfelsed metasiltstones ascribed to the Iona Group, described traditionally as Torridonian. In the southwest and on parts of the west coast are pelites and semipelites of Archaean to Proterozoic age. There are small outcrops of Silurian age pink granite onsoutheastern beaches, similar to those of the Ross of Mull pluton cross the sound to the east. Numerous geological faults cross the island, many in a E-W or NW-SE alignment. Devonian aged microdiorite dykes are found in places and some of these are themselves cut by Palaeocene age camptonite and monchiquite dykes ascribed to the "Iona-Ross of Mull dyke swarm." More recent sedimentary deposits of Quaternary age include both present day beach deposits and raised marine deposits around Iona as well as some restricted areas of blown sand.

Geography
Iona lies about 2 kilometers (1 mile) from the coast of Mull. It is about 2 km (1 mi) wide and 6 km (4 mi) long with a resident population of 125. Like other places swept by ocean breezes, there are few trees; most of them are near the parish church.

Iona's highest point is Dùn Ì, 101 m (331 ft), an Iron Age hill fort dating from 100 BC – AD 200. Iona's geographical features include the Bay at the Back of the Ocean and "Càrn Cùl ri Éirinn" (the Hill/Cairn of [turning the] Back to Ireland), said to be adjacent to the beach where St. Columba first landed.

The main settlement, located at St. Ronan's Bay on the eastern side of the island, is called Baile Mòr and is also known locally as "The Village." The primary school, post office, the island's two hotels, the Bishop's House and the ruins of the Nunnery are here. The Abbey and MacLeod Centre are a short walk to the north. Port Bàn (white port) beach on the west side of the island is home to the Iona Beach Party.

The main settlement, located at St. Ronan's Bay on the eastern side of the island, is called "Baile Mòr" and also is known locally as "The Village." The primary school, post office, the island's two hotels, the Bishop's House and the ruins of the Nunnery are here. The Abbey and MacLeod Centre are a short walk to the north. Port Bàn (white port) beach on the west side of the island is home to the Iona Beach Party.

There are numerous offshore islets and skerries: Eilean Annraidh (island of storm) and Eilean Chalbha (calf island) to the north, Rèidh Eilean and Stac MhicMhurchaidh to the west and Eilean Mùsimul (mouse holm island) and Soa Island to the south are amongthe largest. The steamer "Cathcart Park" carrying a cargo of salt from Runcorn to Wick ran aground on Soa on 15 April 1912, the crew of 11 escaping in two boats.

Subdivision
On a map of 1874, the following territorial subdivision is indicated (from north to south):

. Ceann Tsear
. Sliabh Meanach
. Machar
. Sliginach
. Sliabh Siar
. Staonaig

History

Dál Riata
In the early Historic Period Iona lay within the Gaelic kingdom of Dál Riata, in the region controlled by the Cenél Loairn (i.e., Lorn, as it was then). The island was the site of a highly important monastery (see Iona Abbey) during the Early Middle Ages.According to tradition the monastery was founded in 563 by the monk Columba, also known as Colm Cille, who had been exiled from his native Ireland as a result of his involvement in the Battle of Cul Dreimhne. Columba and twelve companions went into exileon Iona and founded a monastery there. The monastery was hugely successful, and played a crucial role in the conversion to Christianity of the Picts of present-day Scotland in the late 6th century and of the Anglo-Saxon kingdom of Northumbria in 635. Many satellite institutions were founded, and Iona became the center of one of the most important monastic systems in Great Britain and Ireland.

Iona became a renowned center of learning, and its scriptorium produced highly important documents, probably including the original texts of the Iona Chronicle, thought to be the source for the early Irish annals. The monastery is often associated with the distinctive practices and traditions known as Celtic Christianity. In particular, Iona was a major supporter of the "Celtic" system for calculating the date of Easter at the time of the Easter controversy, which pitted supporters of the Celtic system against those favoring the "Roman" system used elsewhere in Western Christianity. The controversy weakened Iona's ties to Northumbria, which adopted the Roman system at the Synod of Whitby in 664, and to Pictland, which followed suit in the early 8th century. Iona itself did not adopt the Roman system until 715, according to the Anglo-Saxon historian Bede. Iona's prominence was further diminished over the next centuries as a result of Viking raids and the rise of other powerful monasteries in the system, such as the Abbey of Kells.

The Book of Kells may have been produced or begun on Iona towards the end of the 8th century. Around this time the island's exemplary high crosses were sculpted; these may be the first such crosses to contain the ring around the intersection that became characteristic of the "Celtic cross." The series of Viking raids on Iona began in 794 and, after its treasures had been plundered many times, Columba's relics were removed and divided two ways between Scotland and Ireland in 849 as the monastery was abandoned.

Kingdom of the Isles
A..