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Source: Henry I of England, "New World Encyclopedia"

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Titre	Henry I of England, "New World Encyclopedia"

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HENRY I King of England WC01 (d'Anjou)

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Reign August 3, 1100–December 1, 1135 Coronation August 5, 1100 Born c. 1068/1069 Selby, Yorkshire, England Died 1 December 1135 Saint-Denis-en-Lyons, Normandy Buried Reading Abbey, Reading, England Predecessor William II Successor Stephen (de facto), Empress Matilda (de jure) Consort Matilda of Scotland (c. 1080–1118) Adeliza of Louvain (1103–51) Issue Robert, 1st Earl of Gloucester (illeg., c. 1090–1147) Empress Matilda (c. 1102–67) Royal House Norman Father William I (c. 1028–87) Mother Matilda of Flanders (1031–83) Henry I (c. 1068 – December 1, 1135) was the fourth son of William the Conqueror and the first born in England after the Norman Conquest of 1066. He succeeded his elder brother William II as King of England in 1100, and defeated his eldest brother, RobertCurthose, to become Duke of Normandy in 1106. He was called Beauclerc for his scholarly interests and Lion of Justice for refinements which he brought about in the rudimentary administrative and legislative machinery of the time. Henry's reign is noted for its political opportunism. His succession was confirmed while his brother Robert was away on the First Crusade and the beginning of his reign was occupied by wars with Robert for control of England and Normandy. He successfully reunited the two realms again after their separation on his father's death, in 1087. On his succession, he granted the baronage a Charter of Liberties, which formed a basis for subsequent challenges to rights of kings and anticipated the Magna Carta, which subjected the King to law. Contents 1 Early life 2 Seizing the throne of England 3 First marriage 4 Conquest of Normandy 5 Battle of Tinchebray 6 King of England and Duke of Normandy 7 Activities as a King 8 Legitimate children 9 Second marriage 10 Death and legacy 10.1 Illegitimate children 10.2 With Edith 10.3 With Gieva de Tracy 10.4 With Ansfride 10.5 With Sybil Corbet 10.6 With Edith FitzForne 10.7 With Princess Nest 10.8 With Isabel de Beaumont 11 Ancestors 12 References 13 External links 14 Credits The rest of Henry's reign was filled with judicial and financial reforms. He established the biannual Exchequer to reform the treasury. He used itinerant officials to curb abuses of power at the local and regional level, garnering the praise of the people. The differences between the English and Norman populations began to break down during his reign and he himself married a daughter of the old English royal house. He made peace with the church after the disputes of his brother's reign, but he could not smooth out his succession after the disastrous loss of his eldest son, William, in the wreck of the White Ship. His will stipulated that he was to be succeeded by his daughter, the Empress Matilda, but his stern rule was followed by a period of civil war, known as "the Anarchy." Early life Henry was born between May 1068 and May 1069, probably in Selby, Yorkshire, in the north east of England. His mother, Queen Matilda, was descended from Alfred the Great (but not through the main West Saxon Royal line). Queen Matilda named the infant Prince Henry, after her uncle, Henry I of France. As the youngest son of the family, he was almost certainly expected to become a Bishop and was given rather more extensive schooling than was usual for a young nobleman of that time. The Chronicler William of Malmesbury asserts that Henry once remarked that an illiterate King was a crowned ass. He was certainly the first Norman ruler to be fluent in the English language. William I's third son, Richard, had pre-deceased his father by being killed in a hunting accident in the New Forest so, upon his death in 1087, William bequeathed his dominions to his three surviving sons in the following manner: Robert received the Duchy of Normandy and became Duke Robert III William Rufus received the Kingdom of England and became King William II Henry Beauclerc received 5,000 pounds of silver The Chronicler Orderic Vitalis reports that the old King had declared to Henry: "You in your own time will have all the dominions I have acquired and be greater than both your brothers in wealth and power." Henry tried to play his brothers off against each other, but eventually, wary of his devious maneuvering, they acted together and signed an Accession Treaty. This sought to bar Prince Henry from both thrones by stipulating that if either King William or Duke Robert died without an heir, the two dominions of their father would be reunited under the surviving brother. Seizing the throne of England When, on August 2, 1100, William II was killed by an arrow in yet another hunting accident in the New Forest, Duke Robert had not yet returned from the First Crusade. His absence, along with his poor reputation among the Norman nobles, allowed Prince Henry to seize the Royal Treasury at Winchester, Hampshire—where he buried his dead brother. Henry was accepted as King by the leading Barons and was crowned three days later on August 5, at Westminster Abbey. He secured his position among the nobles by an act of political appeasement: He issued a Charter of Liberties which is considered a forerunner of the Magna Carta. The Charter promised that the king would refrain from such practices as confiscating church property and levying unfair taxes. First marriage On November 11, 1100, Henry married Edith, daughter of King Malcolm III of Scotland. Since Edith was also the niece of Edgar Atheling and the great-granddaughter of Edward the Confessor's paternal half-brother Edmund Ironside, the marriage united the Norman line with the old English line of Kings. The marriage greatly displeased the Norman Barons, however, and as a concession to their sensibilities, Edith changed her name to Matilda upon becoming Queen. The other side of this coin, however, was that Henry, by dint of his marriage, became far more acceptable to the Anglo-Saxon populace. The Chronicler William of Malmesbury described Henry thus: "He was of middle stature, greater than the small, but exceeded by the very tall; his hair was black and set back upon the forehead; his eyes mildly bright; his chest brawny; his body fleshy." Conquest of Normandy In the following year, 1101, Robert Curthose attempted to seize the crown by invading England. In the Treaty of Alton, Curthose agreed to recognize his brother Henry as King of England and return peacefully to Normandy, upon receipt of an annual sum of 2000 marks, which Henry proceeded to pay. In 1105, to eliminate the continuing threat from Robert Curthose and the drain on his fiscal resources from the annual payment, Henry led an expeditionary force across the English Channel. Battle of Tinchebray On the morning of the September 28, 1106, exactly 40 years after William had landed in England, the decisive battle between his two sons, Robert Curthose and Henry Beauclerc, took place in the small village of Tinchebray. This combat was totally unexpected and unprepared. Henry and his army were marching south from Barfleur on their way to Domfront, and Curthose was marching with his army from Falaise on their way to Mortain. They met at the crossroads at Tinchebray and the running battle which ensued wasspread out over several kilometers. The site where most of the fighting took place is the village playing field today. Towards evening, Curthose tried to retreat but was captured by Henry's men at a place three kilometers (just under two miles) North of Tinchebray, where a farm named "Prise" (taken) stands today on the D22 road. The tombstones of three knights are nearby on the same road. King of England and Duke of Normandy After Henry had defeated his brother's Norman army at Tinchebray he imprisoned Curthose, initially in the Tower of London, subsequently at Devizes Castle and later at Cardiff. One day whilst out riding, Curthose attempted to escape from Cardiff but his horse was bogged down in a swamp and he was recaptured. To prevent further escapes, Henry had Robert Curthose's eyes burnt out. Henry appropriated the Duchy of Normandy as a possession of the Kingdom of England and reunited his father's dominions. In 1113, he attempted to reduce difficulties in Normandy by betrothing his eldest son, William Adelin, to the daughter of Fulk of Jerusalem (also known as Fulk V), Count of Anjou, then a serious enemy. They were married in 1119. Eight years later, after William's untimely death, a much more momentous union was made between Henry's daughter, (the former Empress) Matilda and Fulk's son, Geoffrey Plantagenet, which eventually resulted in the union of the two Realms under the Plantagenet Kings. Activities as a King Henry's need for finance to consolidate his position led to an increase in the activities of centralized government. As King, Henry carried out social and judicial reforms, including: Issuing the Charter of Liberties Restoring the laws of Edward the Confessor. Between 1103 and 1107, Henry was involved in a dispute with Anselm, the Archbishop of Canterbury and Pope Paschal II in the investiture controversy, which was settled in the Concordat of London in 1107. It was a compromise. In England, a distinction was made in the King's chancery between the secular and ecclesiastical powers of the prelates. Employing the distinction, Henry gave up his right to invest his bishops and abbots, but reserved the custom of requiring them to come and do homage for the "temporalities" (the landed properties tied to the episcopate), directly from his hand, after the bishop had sworn homage and feudal vassalage in the ceremony called commendatio, the commendation ceremony, like any secular vassal. Similar controversy about who had the authority to appoint prelates and other church officials was waging between various popes and kings throughout this period. Kings sold appointment, since many were also had a lucrative income. The Gregorian reforms set out to prevent the sale of ecclesiastical office, and to reduce lay interference in the affairs of the ch...

Reign August 3, 1100–December 1, 1135
Coronation August 5, 1100
Born c. 1068/1069
Selby, Yorkshire, England
Died 1 December 1135
Saint-Denis-en-Lyons, Normandy
Buried Reading Abbey, Reading, England
Predecessor William II
Successor Stephen (de facto), Empress Matilda (de jure)
Consort Matilda of Scotland (c. 1080–1118)
Adeliza of Louvain (1103–51)
Issue Robert, 1st Earl of Gloucester
(illeg., c. 1090–1147)
Empress Matilda (c. 1102–67)
Royal House Norman
Father William I (c. 1028–87)
Mother Matilda of Flanders (1031–83)
Henry I (c. 1068 – December 1, 1135) was the fourth son of William the Conqueror and the first born in England after the Norman Conquest of 1066. He succeeded his elder brother William II as King of England in 1100, and defeated his eldest brother, RobertCurthose, to become Duke of Normandy in 1106. He was called Beauclerc for his scholarly interests and Lion of Justice for refinements which he brought about in the rudimentary administrative and legislative machinery of the time.

Henry's reign is noted for its political opportunism. His succession was confirmed while his brother Robert was away on the First Crusade and the beginning of his reign was occupied by wars with Robert for control of England and Normandy. He successfully reunited the two realms again after their separation on his father's death, in 1087. On his succession, he granted the baronage a Charter of Liberties, which formed a basis for subsequent challenges to rights of kings and anticipated the Magna Carta, which subjected the King to law.

Contents
1 Early life
2 Seizing the throne of England
3 First marriage
4 Conquest of Normandy
5 Battle of Tinchebray
6 King of England and Duke of Normandy
7 Activities as a King
8 Legitimate children
9 Second marriage
10 Death and legacy
10.1 Illegitimate children
10.2 With Edith
10.3 With Gieva de Tracy
10.4 With Ansfride
10.5 With Sybil Corbet
10.6 With Edith FitzForne
10.7 With Princess Nest
10.8 With Isabel de Beaumont
11 Ancestors
12 References
13 External links
14 Credits
The rest of Henry's reign was filled with judicial and financial reforms. He established the biannual Exchequer to reform the treasury. He used itinerant officials to curb abuses of power at the local and regional level, garnering the praise of the people. The differences between the English and Norman populations began to break down during his reign and he himself married a daughter of the old English royal house. He made peace with the church after the disputes of his brother's reign, but he could not smooth out his succession after the disastrous loss of his eldest son, William, in the wreck of the White Ship. His will stipulated that he was to be succeeded by his daughter, the Empress Matilda, but his stern rule was followed by a period of civil war, known as "the Anarchy."

Early life
Henry was born between May 1068 and May 1069, probably in Selby, Yorkshire, in the north east of England. His mother, Queen Matilda, was descended from Alfred the Great (but not through the main West Saxon Royal line). Queen Matilda named the infant Prince Henry, after her uncle, Henry I of France. As the youngest son of the family, he was almost certainly expected to become a Bishop and was given rather more extensive schooling than was usual for a young nobleman of that time. The Chronicler William of Malmesbury asserts that Henry once remarked that an illiterate King was a crowned ass. He was certainly the first Norman ruler to be fluent in the English language.

William I's third son, Richard, had pre-deceased his father by being killed in a hunting accident in the New Forest so, upon his death in 1087, William bequeathed his dominions to his three surviving sons in the following manner:

Robert received the Duchy of Normandy and became Duke Robert III
William Rufus received the Kingdom of England and became King William II
Henry Beauclerc received 5,000 pounds of silver
The Chronicler Orderic Vitalis reports that the old King had declared to Henry: "You in your own time will have all the dominions I have acquired and be greater than both your brothers in wealth and power."

Henry tried to play his brothers off against each other, but eventually, wary of his devious maneuvering, they acted together and signed an Accession Treaty. This sought to bar Prince Henry from both thrones by stipulating that if either King William or Duke Robert died without an heir, the two dominions of their father would be reunited under the surviving brother.

Seizing the throne of England
When, on August 2, 1100, William II was killed by an arrow in yet another hunting accident in the New Forest, Duke Robert had not yet returned from the First Crusade. His absence, along with his poor reputation among the Norman nobles, allowed Prince Henry to seize the Royal Treasury at Winchester, Hampshire—where he buried his dead brother. Henry was accepted as King by the leading Barons and was crowned three days later on August 5, at Westminster Abbey. He secured his position among the nobles by an act of political appeasement: He issued a Charter of Liberties which is considered a forerunner of the Magna Carta. The Charter promised that the king would refrain from such practices as confiscating church property and levying unfair taxes.

First marriage
On November 11, 1100, Henry married Edith, daughter of King Malcolm III of Scotland. Since Edith was also the niece of Edgar Atheling and the great-granddaughter of Edward the Confessor's paternal half-brother Edmund Ironside, the marriage united the Norman line with the old English line of Kings. The marriage greatly displeased the Norman Barons, however, and as a concession to their sensibilities, Edith changed her name to Matilda upon becoming Queen. The other side of this coin, however, was that Henry, by dint of his marriage, became far more acceptable to the Anglo-Saxon populace.

The Chronicler William of Malmesbury described Henry thus: "He was of middle stature, greater than the small, but exceeded by the very tall; his hair was black and set back upon the forehead; his eyes mildly bright; his chest brawny; his body fleshy."

Conquest of Normandy
In the following year, 1101, Robert Curthose attempted to seize the crown by invading England. In the Treaty of Alton, Curthose agreed to recognize his brother Henry as King of England and return peacefully to Normandy, upon receipt of an annual sum of 2000 marks, which Henry proceeded to pay.

In 1105, to eliminate the continuing threat from Robert Curthose and the drain on his fiscal resources from the annual payment, Henry led an expeditionary force across the English Channel.

Battle of Tinchebray
On the morning of the September 28, 1106, exactly 40 years after William had landed in England, the decisive battle between his two sons, Robert Curthose and Henry Beauclerc, took place in the small village of Tinchebray. This combat was totally unexpected and unprepared. Henry and his army were marching south from Barfleur on their way to Domfront, and Curthose was marching with his army from Falaise on their way to Mortain. They met at the crossroads at Tinchebray and the running battle which ensued wasspread out over several kilometers. The site where most of the fighting took place is the village playing field today. Towards evening, Curthose tried to retreat but was captured by Henry's men at a place three kilometers (just under two miles) North of Tinchebray, where a farm named "Prise" (taken) stands today on the D22 road. The tombstones of three knights are nearby on the same road.

King of England and Duke of Normandy
After Henry had defeated his brother's Norman army at Tinchebray he imprisoned Curthose, initially in the Tower of London, subsequently at Devizes Castle and later at Cardiff. One day whilst out riding, Curthose attempted to escape from Cardiff but his horse was bogged down in a swamp and he was recaptured. To prevent further escapes, Henry had Robert Curthose's eyes burnt out. Henry appropriated the Duchy of Normandy as a possession of the Kingdom of England and reunited his father's dominions.

In 1113, he attempted to reduce difficulties in Normandy by betrothing his eldest son, William Adelin, to the daughter of Fulk of Jerusalem (also known as Fulk V), Count of Anjou, then a serious enemy. They were married in 1119. Eight years later, after William's untimely death, a much more momentous union was made between Henry's daughter, (the former Empress) Matilda and Fulk's son, Geoffrey Plantagenet, which eventually resulted in the union of the two Realms under the Plantagenet Kings.

Activities as a King
Henry's need for finance to consolidate his position led to an increase in the activities of centralized government. As King, Henry carried out social and judicial reforms, including:

Issuing the Charter of Liberties
Restoring the laws of Edward the Confessor.
Between 1103 and 1107, Henry was involved in a dispute with Anselm, the Archbishop of Canterbury and Pope Paschal II in the investiture controversy, which was settled in the Concordat of London in 1107. It was a compromise. In England, a distinction was made in the King's chancery between the secular and ecclesiastical powers of the prelates. Employing the distinction, Henry gave up his right to invest his bishops and abbots, but reserved the custom of requiring them to come and do homage for the "temporalities" (the landed properties tied to the episcopate), directly from his hand, after the bishop had sworn homage and feudal vassalage in the ceremony called commendatio, the commendation ceremony, like any secular vassal. Similar controversy about who had the authority to appoint prelates and other church officials was waging between various popes and kings throughout this period. Kings sold appointment, since many were also had a lucrative income. The Gregorian reforms set out to prevent the sale of ecclesiastical office, and to reduce lay interference in the affairs of the ch...