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Source: Wikiwand: List of legendary kings of Britain

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Titre	Wikiwand: List of legendary kings of Britain

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The following list of legendary kings of Britain derives predominantly from Geoffrey of Monmouth's circa 1136 work "Historia Regum Britanniae" ("the History of the Kings of Britain"). Geoffrey constructed a largely fictional history for the Britons (ancestors of the Welsh, the Cornish and the Bretons), partly based on the work of earlier medieval historians like Gildas, Nennius and Bede, partly from Welsh genealogies and saints' lives, partly from sources now lost and unidentifiable, and partly from his own imagination (see bibliography). Several of his kings are based on genuine historical figures, but appear in unhistorical narratives. A number of Middle Welsh versions of Geoffrey's Historia exist. All post-date Geoffrey's text, but may give us some insight into any native traditions Geoffrey may have drawn on. Geoffrey's narrative begins with the exiled Trojan prince Brutus, after whom Britain is supposedly named, a tradition previously recorded in less elaborate form in the 9th century "Historia Brittonum." Brutus is a descendant of Aeneas, the legendary Trojan ancestor of the founders of Rome, and his story is evidently related to Roman foundation legends. The kings before Brutus come from a document purporting to trace the travels of Noah and his offspring in Europe, and once attributed to the Chaldean historian Berossus, but now considered to have been a fabrication by the 15th-century Italian monk Annio da Viterbo, who first published it. Renaissance historians like John Bale and Raphael Holinshed took the list of kings of "Celtica" given by pseudo-Berossus and made them into kings of Britain as well as Gaul. John Milton records these traditions in his "History of Britain," although he gives them little credence. "Des grantz geanz" "Des grantz geanz" ("Of the Great Giants"), a 14th-century Anglo-Norman poem, contains a variant story regarding Albion, the oldest recorded name for Britain, and also contains a slightly different list of kings. The poem states that a colony of exiled Greek royals led by a Queen called Albina first founded Britain but before their settlement "no one dwelt there." Albina subsequently gave her name first to Britain, which was later renamed Britain after Brutus. The poem also attempts by euhemerism to rationalise the legends of giants; Albina is thus described as being "very tall," but is presented as a human queen, a descendant of a Greek king, not a mythological creature. The Albina myth is also found in some later manuscripts of "Wace's Roman de Brut" (1155), attached as a prologue. Scota Main articles: Scota and List of legendary kings of Scotland Scota, in Scottish mythology, and pseudohistory, is the name given to the mythological daughter of an Egyptian Pharaoh to whom the Gaels and Scots traced their ancestry. Scota first appeared in literature from the 11th or 12th century and most modern scholars interpret the legends surrounding her to have emerged to rival Geoffrey of Monmouth's claims that the descendants of Brutus (through Albanactus) founded Scotland. However some early Irish sources also refer to the Scota legends and not all scholars regard the legends as fabrications or as political constructions. In the Scottish origin myths, Albanactus had little place and Scottish chroniclers (e.g., John of Fordun and Walter Bower) claimed that Scota was the eponymous founder of Scotland and the Scots long before Albanactus, during the time of Moses. Kings derived from Geoffrey of Monmouth Geoffrey synchronizes some of his kings with figures and events from the Bible, Greek, Roman and Irish legends, and recorded history. These are given in the "Synchronization" column of the table below. Geoffrey dated Brutus' arrival in Britain (and subsequent founding of the Trojan-British monarchy) to 1115 BC. Geoffrey's book was later retold by Wace (in French) and Laȝamon (in Middle English); the final column represents Laȝamon's version. Kingdom Synchronisation Laȝamon's Brut England Scotland Wales Cornwall Other Bible Brutus I (24 years) Corineus Aeneas Silvius (1112–1081 BC) Eli (12th century BC) = Locrinus (10 years) Albanactus Kamber Gwendolen = Gwendolen (15 years) = Maddan (40 years) Gwendolen Aeneas Silvius, Homer Samuel Madan Mempricius (20 years) Eurystheus Saul (r. 1049–1010 BC) Membriz Ebraucus (40 to 60 years) David (r. 1010–970 BC) Ebrauc Brutus II Greenshield (12 years) Brutus Greenshield Leil (25 years) Solomon (r. 971–931 BC) Leil Rud Hud Hudibras (39 years) Haggai, Amos, Joel, Azariah Ruhudibras Bladud (20 years) Elijah (9th century BC) Bladud Leir (60 years) Leir Cordelia (5 years) Cordoille Marganus I (north of the Humber) and Cunedagius (south of the Humber) (2 years) Morgan & Cunidagius Cunedagius (33 years) Romulus (8th century BC) Isaiah, Hosea (8th century BC) Cunidagius Rivallo Riwald Gurgustius Gurgustius Sisillius I Silvius Jago Lago Kimarcus Mark Gorboduc Gorbodiago War between Ferrex and Porrex I Ferreus & Porreus Civil war; Britain divided under five unnamed kings Pinner Staterius Rudaucus Cloten Dunvallo Molmutius Dunvallo Molmutius (40 years) Donwallo Molineus Brennius (north of the Humber) and Belinus (south of the Humber) Sack of Rome (387 BC) Belin & Brennes Belinus Gurguit Barbtruc Partholón Gurguint Guithelin Guncelin Marcia (regent) Sisillius II Sillius Kinarius Rumarus Danius Damus Morvidus Morbidus Gorbonianus Gorbonian Archgallo Argal Elidurus (5 years) Elidur Archgallo (restored) (10 years) Argal Elidurus (restored) Elidur Peredurus (north of the Humber) and Ingenius (south of the Humber) (7 years) Peredur, Jugenes Peredurus Elidurus (restored) Elidur A son of Gorbonianus Lador Marganus II Morgan Enniaunus Ænmaunus Idvallo Iwallo Runo Rime Gerennus Goronces Catellus Catulus Millus Coillus Porrex II Porex Cherin = Fulgenius Fulgenius Edadus Aldus Andragius Androgus Urianus Urrian Eliud = Cledaucus Cledus Clotenus Doten Gurgintius Gurguiricius Merianus Merian Bledudo Cap Cap Oenus Oein Sisillius III Sillius Beldgabred Blaðgabreast Archmail Arkinaus Eldol Ældolf Redon Redion Redechius Redært Samuil Penessil (or Samuil, followed by Penessil) Famul-Penicel Pir Pir Capoir Capor Digueillus Eligille Heli (40 years) Heli Lud Lud Cassibelanus Julius Caesar's invasions of Britain (55–54 BC) Cassibelaune Tenvantius Tennancius Kimbelinus Augustus (30 BC – 14 AD) Jesus (3 BC – 33 AD) Kinbelin Guiderius Togodumnus (d. AD 43) during Claudius's conquest of Britain Wiðer Arvirargus Claudius, Vespasian Mark the Evangelist, Paul of Tarsus Marius Coilus Lucius (d. AD 156) Pope Eleuterus (174–189) Interregnum; war between Severus and Sulgenius Septimius Severus (Roman emperor 193–211) Geta Publius Septimius Geta (Roman emperor 209–211) Bassianus (Caracalla) Caracalla (Roman emperor 211–217) Carausius Carausian Revolt (289–296) Allectus Allectus assassinated Carausius in 293 Asclepiodotus (10 years) Asclepiodotus and Constantius Chlorus retook Britain in 296 Coel Constantius (11 years) Constantius Chlorus, Roman emperor 293–306 Constantine I Constantine I, Roman emperor 306–337 Octavius Trahern Octavius (restored) Maximianus (with Dionotus later as regent) Caradocus, then Dionotus Magnus Maximus, Roman usurper-emperor 383–388 Gracianus Municeps Interregnum; end of Roman rule Constantine II Constantine III, Roman usurper-emperor 407–411 Constans Constans II, Roman usurper-emperor 409–411 Vortigern Vortimer Germanus of Auxerre (378–448), Battle of Aylesford (455) Aurelius Ambrosius Uther Pendragon Arthur Battle of Badon, St. Dubricius Constantine III Aurelius Conanus (2 years) Aurelius Caninus, 6th-century king of Gwent or Powys; Cynan Garwyn (582–610), king of Powys Vortiporius (4 years) Vortiporius, 6th-century king of Dyfed Malgo Maelgwn Gwynedd, 6th-century king of Gwynedd Keredic Interregnum; Saxons occupy England Augustine of Canterbury (arrived in Britain in 597) Cadvan Cadfan ap Iago, 6th/7th-century king of Gwynedd Cadwallo Cadwallon ap Cadfan, 7th-century king of Gwynedd, d. 634 Cadwallader (d. AD 689) Cadwaladr ap Cadwallon, 7th-century king of Gwynedd After the death of Cadwallader, the kings of the Brythons were reduced to such a small domain that they ceased to be kings of the whole Brythonic-speaking area. Two of his relatives, Yvor and Yni, led the exiles back from Brittany, but were unable to re-establish a united kingship. The Anglo-Saxon invaders ruled the south-eastern part of the island of Great Britain, which would become England, after that point in time under the Bretwaldas and later the kings of England. The heirs to the Celtic-British throne continued through the Welsh kings of Gwynedd until that line was forced to submit itself to the Plantagenets in the 13th century. Princes and lords of Gwynedd ruled until the reign of Dafydd III, who ruled from 1282 to 1283. His death marked the end of the house of Brutus. Owen Tudor, grandfather of Henry VII of England, was a maternal descendant of the kings of Gwynedd; Henry's marriage with Elizabeth of York thus signified the merging of the two royal houses (as well as the feuding houses of York and Lancaster). Forgeries Pseudo-Berossus Annius of Viterbo in 1498 claimed to have found ancient fragments from Berossus detailing the earliest settlement of 'Celtica', including the British Isles, by Samothes, a son of Japheth, son of Noah, after the Great Flood. These fragments were later revealed to have been forged by Annius himself, and are now known as "Pseudo-Berossus." The fragments can be found in Asher (1993) and include a king list. Before being revealed as a hoax, the list found its way into John Bale's "Illustrium majoris Britanniaescriptorum" (1548), John Caius' "Historia Cantabrigiensis Academiae" (1574), William Harrison's "Description of England" (1577),..

The following list of legendary kings of Britain derives predominantly from Geoffrey of Monmouth's circa 1136 work "Historia Regum Britanniae" ("the History of the Kings of Britain"). Geoffrey constructed a largely fictional history for the Britons (ancestors of the Welsh, the Cornish and the Bretons), partly based on the work of earlier medieval historians like Gildas, Nennius and Bede, partly from Welsh genealogies and saints' lives, partly from sources now lost and unidentifiable, and partly from his own imagination (see bibliography). Several of his kings are based on genuine historical figures, but appear in unhistorical narratives. A number of Middle Welsh versions of Geoffrey's Historia exist. All post-date Geoffrey's text, but may give us some insight into any native traditions Geoffrey may have drawn on.

Geoffrey's narrative begins with the exiled Trojan prince Brutus, after whom Britain is supposedly named, a tradition previously recorded in less elaborate form in the 9th century "Historia Brittonum." Brutus is a descendant of Aeneas, the legendary Trojan ancestor of the founders of Rome, and his story is evidently related to Roman foundation legends.

The kings before Brutus come from a document purporting to trace the travels of Noah and his offspring in Europe, and once attributed to the Chaldean historian Berossus, but now considered to have been a fabrication by the 15th-century Italian monk Annio da Viterbo, who first published it. Renaissance historians like John Bale and Raphael Holinshed took the list of kings of "Celtica" given by pseudo-Berossus and made them into kings of Britain as well as Gaul. John Milton records these traditions in his "History of Britain," although he gives them little credence.

"Des grantz geanz"
"Des grantz geanz" ("Of the Great Giants"), a 14th-century Anglo-Norman poem, contains a variant story regarding Albion, the oldest recorded name for Britain, and also contains a slightly different list of kings. The poem states that a colony of exiled Greek royals led by a Queen called Albina first founded Britain but before their settlement "no one dwelt there." Albina subsequently gave her name first to Britain, which was later renamed Britain after Brutus. The poem also attempts by euhemerism to rationalise the legends of giants; Albina is thus described as being "very tall," but is presented as a human queen, a descendant of a Greek king, not a mythological creature.

The Albina myth is also found in some later manuscripts of "Wace's Roman de Brut" (1155), attached as a prologue.

Scota
Main articles: Scota and List of legendary kings of Scotland

Scota, in Scottish mythology, and pseudohistory, is the name given to the mythological daughter of an Egyptian Pharaoh to whom the Gaels and Scots traced their ancestry. Scota first appeared in literature from the 11th or 12th century and most modern scholars interpret the legends surrounding her to have emerged to rival Geoffrey of Monmouth's claims that the descendants of Brutus (through Albanactus) founded Scotland. However some early Irish sources also refer to the Scota legends and not all scholars regard the legends as fabrications or as political constructions. In the Scottish origin myths, Albanactus had little place and Scottish chroniclers (e.g., John of Fordun and Walter Bower) claimed that Scota was the eponymous founder of Scotland and the Scots long before Albanactus, during the time of Moses.

Kings derived from Geoffrey of Monmouth
Geoffrey synchronizes some of his kings with figures and events from the Bible, Greek, Roman and Irish legends, and recorded history. These are given in the "Synchronization" column of the table below. Geoffrey dated Brutus' arrival in Britain (and subsequent founding of the Trojan-British monarchy) to 1115 BC. Geoffrey's book was later retold by Wace (in French) and Laȝamon (in Middle English); the final column represents Laȝamon's version.

Kingdom Synchronisation Laȝamon's Brut
England Scotland Wales Cornwall Other Bible
Brutus I (24 years) Corineus Aeneas Silvius (1112–1081 BC) Eli (12th century BC) =
Locrinus (10 years) Albanactus Kamber Gwendolen =
Gwendolen (15 years) =
Maddan (40 years) Gwendolen Aeneas Silvius, Homer Samuel Madan
Mempricius (20 years) Eurystheus Saul (r. 1049–1010 BC) Membriz
Ebraucus (40 to 60 years) David (r. 1010–970 BC) Ebrauc
Brutus II Greenshield (12 years) Brutus Greenshield
Leil (25 years) Solomon (r. 971–931 BC) Leil
Rud Hud Hudibras (39 years) Haggai, Amos, Joel, Azariah Ruhudibras
Bladud (20 years) Elijah (9th century BC) Bladud
Leir (60 years) Leir
Cordelia (5 years) Cordoille
Marganus I (north of the Humber) and Cunedagius (south of the Humber) (2 years) Morgan & Cunidagius
Cunedagius (33 years) Romulus (8th century BC) Isaiah, Hosea (8th century BC) Cunidagius
Rivallo Riwald
Gurgustius Gurgustius
Sisillius I Silvius
Jago Lago
Kimarcus Mark
Gorboduc Gorbodiago
War between Ferrex and Porrex I Ferreus & Porreus
Civil war; Britain divided under five unnamed kings
Pinner Staterius Rudaucus Cloten
Dunvallo Molmutius
Dunvallo Molmutius (40 years) Donwallo Molineus
Brennius (north of the Humber) and Belinus (south of the Humber) Sack of Rome (387 BC) Belin & Brennes
Belinus
Gurguit Barbtruc Partholón Gurguint
Guithelin Guncelin
Marcia (regent)
Sisillius II Sillius
Kinarius Rumarus
Danius Damus
Morvidus Morbidus
Gorbonianus Gorbonian
Archgallo Argal
Elidurus (5 years) Elidur
Archgallo (restored) (10 years) Argal
Elidurus (restored) Elidur
Peredurus (north of the Humber) and Ingenius (south of the Humber) (7 years) Peredur, Jugenes
Peredurus
Elidurus (restored) Elidur
A son of Gorbonianus Lador
Marganus II Morgan
Enniaunus Ænmaunus
Idvallo Iwallo
Runo Rime
Gerennus Goronces
Catellus Catulus
Millus Coillus
Porrex II Porex
Cherin =
Fulgenius Fulgenius
Edadus Aldus
Andragius Androgus
Urianus Urrian
Eliud =
Cledaucus Cledus
Clotenus Doten
Gurgintius Gurguiricius
Merianus Merian
Bledudo
Cap Cap
Oenus Oein
Sisillius III Sillius
Beldgabred Blaðgabreast
Archmail Arkinaus
Eldol Ældolf
Redon Redion
Redechius Redært
Samuil Penessil (or Samuil, followed by Penessil) Famul-Penicel
Pir Pir
Capoir Capor
Digueillus Eligille
Heli (40 years) Heli
Lud Lud
Cassibelanus Julius Caesar's invasions of Britain (55–54 BC) Cassibelaune
Tenvantius Tennancius
Kimbelinus Augustus (30 BC – 14 AD) Jesus (3 BC – 33 AD) Kinbelin
Guiderius Togodumnus (d. AD 43) during Claudius's conquest of Britain Wiðer
Arvirargus Claudius, Vespasian Mark the Evangelist, Paul of Tarsus
Marius
Coilus
Lucius (d. AD 156) Pope Eleuterus (174–189)
Interregnum; war between Severus and Sulgenius Septimius Severus (Roman emperor 193–211)
Geta Publius Septimius Geta (Roman emperor 209–211)
Bassianus (Caracalla) Caracalla (Roman emperor 211–217)
Carausius Carausian Revolt (289–296)
Allectus Allectus assassinated Carausius in 293
Asclepiodotus (10 years) Asclepiodotus and Constantius Chlorus retook Britain in 296
Coel
Constantius (11 years) Constantius Chlorus, Roman emperor 293–306
Constantine I Constantine I, Roman emperor 306–337
Octavius
Trahern
Octavius (restored)
Maximianus (with Dionotus later as regent) Caradocus, then Dionotus Magnus Maximus, Roman usurper-emperor 383–388
Gracianus Municeps
Interregnum; end of Roman rule
Constantine II Constantine III, Roman usurper-emperor 407–411
Constans Constans II, Roman usurper-emperor 409–411
Vortigern
Vortimer Germanus of Auxerre (378–448), Battle of Aylesford (455)
Aurelius Ambrosius
Uther Pendragon
Arthur Battle of Badon, St. Dubricius
Constantine III
Aurelius Conanus (2 years) Aurelius Caninus, 6th-century king of Gwent or Powys; Cynan Garwyn (582–610), king of Powys
Vortiporius (4 years) Vortiporius, 6th-century king of Dyfed
Malgo Maelgwn Gwynedd, 6th-century king of Gwynedd
Keredic
Interregnum; Saxons occupy England Augustine of Canterbury (arrived in Britain in 597)
Cadvan Cadfan ap Iago, 6th/7th-century king of Gwynedd
Cadwallo Cadwallon ap Cadfan, 7th-century king of Gwynedd, d. 634
Cadwallader (d. AD 689) Cadwaladr ap Cadwallon, 7th-century king of Gwynedd

After the death of Cadwallader, the kings of the Brythons were reduced to such a small domain that they ceased to be kings of the whole Brythonic-speaking area. Two of his relatives, Yvor and Yni, led the exiles back from Brittany, but were unable to re-establish a united kingship. The Anglo-Saxon invaders ruled the south-eastern part of the island of Great Britain, which would become England, after that point in time under the Bretwaldas and later the kings of England. The heirs to the Celtic-British throne continued through the Welsh kings of Gwynedd until that line was forced to submit itself to the Plantagenets in the 13th century. Princes and lords of Gwynedd ruled until the reign of Dafydd III, who ruled from 1282 to 1283. His death marked the end of the house of Brutus. Owen Tudor, grandfather of Henry VII of England, was a maternal descendant of the kings of Gwynedd; Henry's marriage with Elizabeth of York thus signified the merging of the two royal houses (as well as the feuding houses of York and Lancaster).

Forgeries
Pseudo-Berossus
Annius of Viterbo in 1498 claimed to have found ancient fragments from Berossus detailing the earliest settlement of 'Celtica', including the British Isles, by Samothes, a son of Japheth, son of Noah, after the Great Flood. These fragments were later revealed to have been forged by Annius himself, and are now known as "Pseudo-Berossus." The fragments can be found in Asher (1993) and include a king list. Before being revealed as a hoax, the list found its way into John Bale's "Illustrium majoris Britanniaescriptorum" (1548), John Caius' "Historia Cantabrigiensis Academiae" (1574), William Harrison's "Description of England" (1577),..