Généalogie and Heritage

Source: The History of England

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Type	Valeur
Titre	The History of England

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84 War, Tournaments and Victory We spend a bit of time in this episode having a bit of a catchup up - about arms, armour and armies, and about warfare for real and for pretend. Despite that we also find time to talk about the seeming final surrender of the Scots in 1305 - so how about that for value then? 84 War, Tournaments and Victory 20 Jan 2013 09:06:12 \| Plantagenets 1216 - 1400 Comment 2Reblog It 0 83 Crisis From 1297, things became harder for Edward. The relentless pressure of external wars led to increased taxation. This continuous pressure on the magnates, church and people eventually led to a resistance. Edward's personality didn't help; up to now, he hadcarried everything before him - now, suddenly, he's faced with the concept of compromise. Meanwhile in the north it's come-uppance time for Wallace at the battle of Falkirk. 83 Crisis 13 Jan 2013 08:58:18 \| Plantagenets 1216 - 1400 Comment 2Reblog It 0 82 The Sucker Punch Since the Treaty of Paris in 1259, England and France had been friends, united by a monarchy with close ties and relationships. So when in 1293 a dispute blew up over a sea fight in the Channel, Edward clearly didn't expect it to become a problem. But infact Phillip IV (the Fair) of France was keen to strengthen the power of the French monarchy - and that didn't include having Gascony controlled by a foreign king. 82 The Sucker Punch The Sucker Punch Edward sent his brother Edmund of Lancaster to negotiate with Phillip. Together it sounded as thought they'd stitched up a nice face-saving deal. Publicly, Phillip would confiscate Gascony from his vassal, Edward Duke of Gascony, to keep his nobles happy and his brother Charles of Valois. But then he'd invite Edward to Amiens, where he'd hand them back again on favourable terms. Edward spent no time discussing any of this with his magnates; as far as he was concerned, Phillip was family and Edmund was of course his brother. So what could go wrong? Duly in 1294, Gascony and almost all its towns where handed over in 1294. To Edward's horror there was no invitation to Amiens - Gascony was confiscated, and stayed confiscated. With only Bourge, Blaye and Bayonne left in English hands, Edward had been suckered out of his French possessions and would have to win them back. The Cinque Ports The cinque ports, and their delightfully medieval character, are a constant companion through English history. There's a great map and article at Wikipedia here Scotland and 1296 John Balliol has gone down in history as a weak king, but there's no doubt he was in a hideous position. In 1294 Edward demanded he hand over 3 castles. In 1296, Balliol refused, and made alliance with the French. In response, Edward invaded with an army of 5,000 cavalry and 30,000 foot. His campaign was almost entirely successful - Berwick fell in March, and in April John of Warenne, Earl of Surrey, defeated the Scots at Dunbar. By August, Balliol had been stripped of his royal rank by Edward and imprisoned in the Tower of London, and Edward had established direct rule. 81 The Great Cause Through a stunning piece of bad luck, Alexander III left no heirs. And now there was no clear successor to his throne of Scotland. For the search for the right successor, the Scottish Guardians of the Realm turned to Scotland's friend - England. But Edward had other plans - for him this was a great opportunity to revive the claims of the kings of England to be overlords of all Britain. 81 The Great Cause 23 Dec 2012 09:17:18 \| Plantagenets 1216 - 1400 Comment 4Reblog It 0 80 In which we Dawdle When Edward I arrived back in 1289 from Gascony, he was in many ways at the height of his awesomeness. A chivalric monarch, a leading statesman in Christendom, and at least partly responsible for legal reforms, that will cause a historian to call him 'theEnglish Justinian'. But he also had problems. He was strapped for cash. There was a background of discontent against the firmness of Edward's rule. But Edward was a clever politician as well as a chivalric monarch, and knew how to negotiate his way back to popularity - and it would not be good news for England's Jewish community. 9 Dec 2012 09:14:57 \| Plantagenets 1216 - 1400 Comment 2Reblog It 0 79 Conqueror and Statesman The second Anglo Welsh war was very different in character to the first. Here was a genuinely national uprising against rule by the English. Here was a war with no compromise - where Edward clearly decided from the start that the only long term issue was complete conquest. 79 Conqueror and Statesman Edward's second Anglo Welsh War - Conquest Why? Between 1277 and 1282, the Welsh had their defeat rubbed firmly in their faces. The new towns set up in the shadow of the new English castles at places like Flint and Rhuddlan excluded the Welsh from trade. The administrators were English and made few concessions to Welsh law and nationhood. And then, there were personal grievances; Daffyd in particular had wanted to become the Prince of Gwynedd at least, not just to be given 2 cantrefs. It starts... 9 Dec 2012 09:14:57 \| Plantagenets 1216 - 1400 Comment 2Reblog It 0 ward clearly decided from the start that the only long term issue was complete conquest. 79 Conqueror and Statesman Edward's second Anglo Welsh War - Conquest Why? Between 1277 and 1282, the Welsh had their defeat rubbed firmly in their faces. The new towns set up in the shadow of the new English castles at places like Flint and Rhuddlan excluded the Welsh from trade. The administrators were English and made few concessions to Welsh law and nationhood. And then, there were personal grievances; Daffyd in particular had wanted to become the Prince of Gwynedd at least, not just to be given 2 cantrefs. It starts... 78 The Crisis in Wales In 1270, you would have been more likely to pick Alexander, king of Scotland or Llewellyn of Wales as the leader most likely to breach the peace. Edward looked more like a candidate for a peace prize. And, Wales was more united than ever; at the Treaty ofMontgomery in 1267 Llewellyn had been confirmed as Prince of Wales. So the events of 1277 was something of a surprise. A bit of background - Welsh Poets and Welsh Castles Let me recommend some other sites to look at. First of all, I managed to stumble on some Welsh medieval court poetry during the writing of this podcast. Now, I now how dire that sounds but believe me it was actually rather compelling. So here's a link to a couple of samples I've put on my documents blog. Then, if you like castles, Wales is the place to go. There are a couple of really good sites to get the low down, one of them dripping with good 'ole Welsh patriotism. First there's Castles of Wales, and then there's Castles of Britain. A bief glossary of names Daffyd (1217-1246) - the brother to Llewellyn the last. Shifty, surly, ambitious. Gruffudd ap Gwynwynwyn (d.1286) - lord of Powys in eastern Wales. Not well disposed towards Llewellyn. Llewellyn the Last (1223-1282) - our main man Llewellyn ap Iorwerth (Lewellyn the Great), 1172-1240 Rhys ap Maredudd (1250-1292) - lord of Cantref Mawr, the remnants of the southern Welsh kingdom of Deheubarth. Didn't get on with Llewellyn, one of the first to submit to Edward, and rewarded to some degree. But not enough, and will be in revolt by 1287. Seeds of disaster: the treaty of Montgomery, 1267 In most ways, the treaty was a complete triumph for Llewellyn. It confirmed the conquests he'd made from the English, and made him Prince of Wales. BUT there are two kickers: He had to pay 25,000 marks plus a further 5,000 marks for the homage of Rhys ap Maredudd. This was not going to be easy The definition of many parts of his new territories was very poorly defined, leaving them subject to dispute and challenge from the disgruntled English marcher lords. Below is a brilliant map from Wikipedia, which shows the lay of the land after the Treaty of Montgomery. The journey to conflict Right up to the eve of the conflict, Llewellyn and Edward seemed to have a good relationship. Llewellyn's beef was with the marcher lords - Gilbert de Clare (Earl of Gloucester), Humphrey de Bohun (Earl of Hereford), and Roger Mortimer - who were trying to nibble away at this territory. In 1273, while Edward was still away, the Regency left to govern in his place rattled Llewellyn's cage. They demanded he come and pay homage to Edward in absentia - Llewellyn refused. Then The Regency ruled that Humphrey de Bohun was quite entitles to consider the castles in Brecon not to be covered by the treaty which clearly gave Brecon to Llewellyn. And meanwhile, Llewellyn could no longer keep up his payments under the Treaty of Montgomery. Despite all of this, Edward was still relaxed and sure that things would still be fine. But unfortunately Llewellyn was beginning to believe his own publicity. And we would stop pushing it, well beyond the point where he was ever going to win. There were two big snubs: Snub No. 1: Llewellyn is invited to Edward's wedding. He turns it down. Snub No. 2: Edward stretches a point and comes up to Chester to make it easy for Llewellyn to pay him homage. Llewellyn doesn't turn up, and Edward returns in a rage to London. Now it's war. The first Welsh war: 1277 Really, it wasn't much of a contest. There is nothing particularly innovative about the way Edward fought his Welsh wars - except that his logistics were meticulous, and by thorough organisation he overwhelmed Llewellyn. As the map below shows, there were three lines of attack into Wales, and by November Llewellyn had submitted. The Treaty of Aberconwy, 1277 Llewellyn's defeat was confirmed at the Treaty of Aberconwy. Below is the excellent map from Wikipedia which shows how Llewellyn is now pinned back into Gwynedd. 77 Reconstruction The country Edward came back to in 1274 wasn't in particularly good nick. Crime was on the rise, with a general disaffection with the re..

84 War, Tournaments and Victory
We spend a bit of time in this episode having a bit of a catchup up - about arms, armour and armies, and about warfare for real and for pretend. Despite that we also find time to talk about the seeming final surrender of the Scots in 1305 - so how about that for value then?

84 War, Tournaments and Victory

20 Jan 2013 09:06:12 | Plantagenets 1216 - 1400
Comment 2Reblog It 0
83 Crisis
From 1297, things became harder for Edward. The relentless pressure of external wars led to increased taxation. This continuous pressure on the magnates, church and people eventually led to a resistance. Edward's personality didn't help; up to now, he hadcarried everything before him - now, suddenly, he's faced with the concept of compromise. Meanwhile in the north it's come-uppance time for Wallace at the battle of Falkirk.

83 Crisis

13 Jan 2013 08:58:18 | Plantagenets 1216 - 1400
Comment 2Reblog It 0

82 The Sucker Punch
Since the Treaty of Paris in 1259, England and France had been friends, united by a monarchy with close ties and relationships. So when in 1293 a dispute blew up over a sea fight in the Channel, Edward clearly didn't expect it to become a problem. But infact Phillip IV (the Fair) of France was keen to strengthen the power of the French monarchy - and that didn't include having Gascony controlled by a foreign king.

82 The Sucker Punch

The Sucker Punch

Edward sent his brother Edmund of Lancaster to negotiate with Phillip. Together it sounded as thought they'd stitched up a nice face-saving deal. Publicly, Phillip would confiscate Gascony from his vassal, Edward Duke of Gascony, to keep his nobles happy and his brother Charles of Valois. But then he'd invite Edward to Amiens, where he'd hand them back again on favourable terms.

Edward spent no time discussing any of this with his magnates; as far as he was concerned, Phillip was family and Edmund was of course his brother. So what could go wrong? Duly in 1294, Gascony and almost all its towns where handed over in 1294.

To Edward's horror there was no invitation to Amiens - Gascony was confiscated, and stayed confiscated. With only Bourge, Blaye and Bayonne left in English hands, Edward had been suckered out of his French possessions and would have to win them back.

The Cinque Ports
The cinque ports, and their delightfully medieval character, are a constant companion through English history. There's a great map and article at Wikipedia here

Scotland and 1296
John Balliol has gone down in history as a weak king, but there's no doubt he was in a hideous position. In 1294 Edward demanded he hand over 3 castles. In 1296, Balliol refused, and made alliance with the French.

In response, Edward invaded with an army of 5,000 cavalry and 30,000 foot. His campaign was almost entirely successful - Berwick fell in March, and in April John of Warenne, Earl of Surrey, defeated the Scots at Dunbar.

By August, Balliol had been stripped of his royal rank by Edward and imprisoned in the Tower of London, and Edward had established direct rule.

81 The Great Cause
Through a stunning piece of bad luck, Alexander III left no heirs. And now there was no clear successor to his throne of Scotland. For the search for the right successor, the Scottish Guardians of the Realm turned to Scotland's friend - England. But Edward had other plans - for him this was a great opportunity to revive the claims of the kings of England to be overlords of all Britain.

81 The Great Cause

23 Dec 2012 09:17:18 | Plantagenets 1216 - 1400
Comment 4Reblog It 0
80 In which we Dawdle
When Edward I arrived back in 1289 from Gascony, he was in many ways at the height of his awesomeness. A chivalric monarch, a leading statesman in Christendom, and at least partly responsible for legal reforms, that will cause a historian to call him 'theEnglish Justinian'. But he also had problems. He was strapped for cash. There was a background of discontent against the firmness of Edward's rule. But Edward was a clever politician as well as a chivalric monarch, and knew how to negotiate his way back to popularity - and it would not be good news for England's Jewish community.

9 Dec 2012 09:14:57 | Plantagenets 1216 - 1400
Comment 2Reblog It 0
79 Conqueror and Statesman
The second Anglo Welsh war was very different in character to the first. Here was a genuinely national uprising against rule by the English. Here was a war with no compromise - where Edward clearly decided from the start that the only long term issue was complete conquest.

79 Conqueror and Statesman

Edward's second Anglo Welsh War - Conquest
Why?
Between 1277 and 1282, the Welsh had their defeat rubbed firmly in their faces. The new towns set up in the shadow of the new English castles at places like Flint and Rhuddlan excluded the Welsh from trade. The administrators were English and made few concessions to Welsh law and nationhood. And then, there were personal grievances; Daffyd in particular had wanted to become the Prince of Gwynedd at least, not just to be given 2 cantrefs.

It starts...

9 Dec 2012 09:14:57 | Plantagenets 1216 - 1400
Comment 2Reblog It 0
ward clearly decided from the start that the only long term issue was complete conquest.

79 Conqueror and Statesman

Edward's second Anglo Welsh War - Conquest
Why?
Between 1277 and 1282, the Welsh had their defeat rubbed firmly in their faces. The new towns set up in the shadow of the new English castles at places like Flint and Rhuddlan excluded the Welsh from trade. The administrators were English and made few concessions to Welsh law and nationhood. And then, there were personal grievances; Daffyd in particular had wanted to become the Prince of Gwynedd at least, not just to be given 2 cantrefs.

It starts...

78 The Crisis in Wales
In 1270, you would have been more likely to pick Alexander, king of Scotland or Llewellyn of Wales as the leader most likely to breach the peace. Edward looked more like a candidate for a peace prize. And, Wales was more united than ever; at the Treaty ofMontgomery in 1267 Llewellyn had been confirmed as Prince of Wales. So the events of 1277 was something of a surprise.

A bit of background - Welsh Poets and Welsh Castles
Let me recommend some other sites to look at. First of all, I managed to stumble on some Welsh medieval court poetry during the writing of this podcast. Now, I now how dire that sounds but believe me it was actually rather compelling. So here's a link to a couple of samples I've put on my documents blog.

Then, if you like castles, Wales is the place to go. There are a couple of really good sites to get the low down, one of them dripping with good 'ole Welsh patriotism. First there's Castles of Wales, and then there's Castles of Britain.

A bief glossary of names

Daffyd (1217-1246) - the brother to Llewellyn the last. Shifty, surly, ambitious.
Gruffudd ap Gwynwynwyn (d.1286) - lord of Powys in eastern Wales. Not well disposed towards Llewellyn.
Llewellyn the Last (1223-1282) - our main man
Llewellyn ap Iorwerth (Lewellyn the Great), 1172-1240
Rhys ap Maredudd (1250-1292) - lord of Cantref Mawr, the remnants of the southern Welsh kingdom of Deheubarth. Didn't get on with Llewellyn, one of the first to submit to Edward, and rewarded to some degree. But not enough, and will be in revolt by 1287.

Seeds of disaster: the treaty of Montgomery, 1267
In most ways, the treaty was a complete triumph for Llewellyn. It confirmed the conquests he'd made from the English, and made him Prince of Wales. BUT there are two kickers:

He had to pay 25,000 marks plus a further 5,000 marks for the homage of Rhys ap Maredudd. This was not going to be easy

The definition of many parts of his new territories was very poorly defined, leaving them subject to dispute and challenge from the disgruntled English marcher lords.

Below is a brilliant map from Wikipedia, which shows the lay of the land after the Treaty of Montgomery.

The journey to conflict
Right up to the eve of the conflict, Llewellyn and Edward seemed to have a good relationship. Llewellyn's beef was with the marcher lords - Gilbert de Clare (Earl of Gloucester), Humphrey de Bohun (Earl of Hereford), and Roger Mortimer - who were trying to nibble away at this territory.

In 1273, while Edward was still away, the Regency left to govern in his place rattled Llewellyn's cage. They demanded he come and pay homage to Edward in absentia - Llewellyn refused.
Then The Regency ruled that Humphrey de Bohun was quite entitles to consider the castles in Brecon not to be covered by the treaty which clearly gave Brecon to Llewellyn.
And meanwhile, Llewellyn could no longer keep up his payments under the Treaty of Montgomery.
Despite all of this, Edward was still relaxed and sure that things would still be fine. But unfortunately Llewellyn was beginning to believe his own publicity. And we would stop pushing it, well beyond the point where he was ever going to win. There were two big snubs:

Snub No. 1: Llewellyn is invited to Edward's wedding. He turns it down.
Snub No. 2: Edward stretches a point and comes up to Chester to make it easy for Llewellyn to pay him homage. Llewellyn doesn't turn up, and Edward returns in a rage to London. Now it's war.
The first Welsh war: 1277
Really, it wasn't much of a contest. There is nothing particularly innovative about the way Edward fought his Welsh wars - except that his logistics were meticulous, and by thorough organisation he overwhelmed Llewellyn.

As the map below shows, there were three lines of attack into Wales, and by November Llewellyn had submitted.

The Treaty of Aberconwy, 1277
Llewellyn's defeat was confirmed at the Treaty of Aberconwy. Below is the excellent map from Wikipedia which shows how Llewellyn is now pinned back into Gwynedd.

77 Reconstruction
The country Edward came back to in 1274 wasn't in particularly good nick. Crime was on the rise, with a general disaffection with the re..