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Source: Wikipedia -Robert de Brus, 6th Lord of Annandale

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ROBERT de Brus 6th Lord of Annandale

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Robert de Brus (July 1243 – soon before 4 March 1304[1]), 6th Lord of Annandale, jure uxoris Earl of Carrick[2] (1252–1292), Lord of Hartness,[3] Writtle and Hatfield Broad Oak, was a cross-border lord,[a] and participant of the Second Barons' War, Ninth Crusade, Welsh Wars, and First War of Scottish Independence, as well as father to the future king of Scotland Robert the Bruce. Of Scoto-Norman-Irish heritage, through his father he was a third-great grandson of David I of Scotland. Other ancestors included Richard de Clare, 2nd Earl of Pembroke, William Marshal, 1st Earl of Pembroke, Henry I of England and Aoife MacMurrough, daughter of Dermot MacMurrough.[4] Life The son and heir of Robert de Brus, 5th Lord of Annandale and Lady Isabella de Clare, daughter of the Earl of Gloucester and Hertford, his birth date is generally accepted, but his place of birth is less certain. It is generally accepted that he, rather than his first son, was born on the family estate at Writtle, Essex.[5][6][7] Legend tells that the 27-year-old Robert de Brus was a handsome young man participating in the Ninth Crusade. When Adam de Kilconquhar, one of his companions-in-arms, fell in 1270, at Acre, Robert was obliged to travel to tell the sad news to Adam's widow Marjorie of Carrick. The story continues that Marjorie was so taken with the messenger that she had him held captive until he agreed to marry her, which he did in 1271.[1][8] However, since the crusade landed in Acre on 9 May 1271, and only started to engage the Muslims in late June, the story and/or his participation in the Ninth Crusade are generally discounted.[5][b] What is recorded, is that: In 1264 his father, the 5th Lord of Annandale, was captured, along with Henry III of England, Richard of Cornwall, and the future Edward I of England at the Battle of Lewes, Sussex. Bruce negotiated with his uncle Bernard Brus, and cousin Gilbert de Clare, Earl of Gloucester, both supporters of Simon de Montfort, over the terms of the ransom. Following the Battle of Evesham, in August 1265, both Bruce and his father profited from the seizure of the rebellious Barons' possessions, including those of Bernard. The younger Robert acquired lands in Yorkshire, Northumberland, and Bedfordshire.[9] Robert and his younger brother Richard are known to have received letters of protection, in July 1270, to sail with Edward for crusade that August, and are presumed to have taken the cross, with Edward, at Northampton in 1268. They were joined by their Father, who'd sought pardon from Alexander III, but their date of return from Acre is less certain; it may have been as early as October 1271, when the younger Robert is recorded as receiving a quitclaim in Writtle, Essex, and his mother a gift of deer, from the King, also in Essex.[9] In 1272 he married, without Scottish Royal consent, Marjorie, Countess of Carrick. As a result, she temporarily lost her castle and estates, that Oram described as poor, but regained them on payment of a fine.[10] Around this time his mother died, the date is unknown but on 3 May 1273 his father married Christina de Ireby, the Widow of Adam Jesmond, the Sheriff of Northumberland, at Hoddam. The marriage added estates in Cumberland and dower land from her previous husband, to the Brus holdings. The younger Robert and his step-mother do not appear to have got on, with Robert recorded as trying to withhold dower lands, after his father's death in 1295.[9][11][12] This may be one of the reasons why the Father appears to have independently managed the possessions in the North, as well as intermittently holding the position of Constable of Carlisle, while Robert appears to have confined himself largely to the management of the southern and midland possessions, with his brother Richard who independently held Tottenham and Kempston, as well as commanding a Knight banneret for Edward. Richard is recorded as receiving a number of wards and gifts of deer and to have sought permission to empark the forest at Writtle at this time. Robert, while not part of Edward's household, became an envoy and mouthpiece for Alexander III at court, swearing fealty on Alexander's behalf, to Edward at Westminster, in 1277, as well as following Edward to Gascony[9] Robert is also recorded as following Alexander to Tewkesbury, in the autumn of 1278.[9] 1281 He is part of the delegation to Guy of Dampierre, Count of Flanders, to arrange the marriage of Alexander, Prince of Scotland, to Guy's daughter Margaret (d. 1331). The couple married on 14 November 1282 at Roxburgh 1282 He participates with his younger brother Richard, who commands at Denbigh, and is paid for his services in Edward's Conquest of Wales.[9][13] 1283 June, he is summoned by writ to Shrewsbury, for the trial of Dafydd ap Gruffydd. In February 1284, Bruce attended to convention at Scone, where the right of succession of Alexander III's granddaughter, Margaret, Maid of Norway was recognized.[14] On 1 June 1285 the Earl & Countess, at Turnberry, grant the men of Melrose abbey certain freedoms, according to English law.[9] 1286 He is witness, along with his son Robert, to the grant of the church of Campbeltown to Paisley Abbey. Also in 1286, he was a signatory to the Band of Turnberry along with his father. 1290 He is party to the Treaty of Birgham. He supports his father's claim to the vacant throne of Scotland, left so on the death of the Maid of Norway in 1290. The initial civil proceedings, known as the Great Cause, awarded the Crown to his father's first cousin once removed, and rival, John Balliol. 1291 He swears fealty to Edward I as overlord of Scotland. 1292 His wife Marjorie dies. November, his father, Robert de Brus, 5th Lord of Annandale—the unsuccessful claimant—resigns his Lordship of Annandale, and claim to the throne to him, allegedly to avoid having to swear fealty to John.[5] In turn he passes his late wife's Earldom of Carrick, in fee, on to his son Robert. 1293 January 1 – His warrener at Great Baddow, a Richard, is caught poaching venison at Northle.[9] 1293 He sets sail for Bergen, Norway, for the marriage of his daughter Isabel to King Eric II of Norway, the father of the late Maid of Norway, son-in-law of King Alexander III, and a candidate of the Great Cause. Her dowry for the marriage was recorded by Audun Hugleiksson who noted she brought: precious clothes, 2 golden boiler, 24 silver plate, 4 silver salt cellars, 12 two-handled soup bowls (scyphus) to the Eric's second marriage. 1294/5 He returns to England. In May 1295 his father, the 5th Lord of Annandale, died,[14] and on 6 October, Bruce swore fealty to Edward and was made Constable and Keeper of Carlisle Castle, a position his father previously held.[1] Refuses a summons to the Scottish host. Annandale is seized, by King John Balliol, and given to John "The Red" Comyn, Lord of Badenoch. Confirms, to Gisborough Priory, the churches of Annandale and Hart. Witnessed by Walter de Fauconberg and Marmaduke de Thweng.[9] Exchanges common pasture, for land held by William of Carlisle at Kinmount.[9] Exchanges land in Estfield, for a field adjacent to the prior of Hatfield Regis's manor at Brunesho End Broomshawbury.[9] Grants Robert Taper, and his wife Millicent, a messuage in Hatfield Regis, and via a separate grant 5.5 acres (22,000 m2) of arable land 1 acre (4,000 m2) of meadow, in Hatfield Regis, for 16s annual rent.[9] Grants John de Bledelowe, the former lands / tenement of Richard de Cumbes, in Hatfield Regis, for 1d annual rent.[9] Alters the terms of a grant to Richard de Fanwreyte, of Folewelleshaleyerde, Montpeliers, Writtle, from services to an annual rent. Witnesses includes two of Roberts Cook's at Writtle.[9] Alters the terms of a grant to Stephen the Tanner, of Folewelleshaleyerde, Montpeliers, Writtle, from services to an annual rent. Witnesses includes two of Roberts Cook's at Writtle.[9] Alters the terms of a grant to Willam Mayhew, of the tenement Barrieland, Hatfield Regis, to an annual rent of 5s and some services.[9] 1296 Jan, He is summoned to attend to the King Edward at Salisbury 26 March, his garrison repels an attack, led by John Comyn, the new Lord of Annandale, across the Solway on Carlisle Castle. Robert forces the raiders to retreat back through Annandale to Sweetheart Abbey. 28 April, he again swears fealty to Edward I and fights for Edward, at the Battle of Dunbar Castle. August, with his son Robert he renews the pledge of homage and fealty to Edward, at the "victory parliament" in Berwick. Edward I denies his claim to the throne and he retires to his estates in Essex.[5] 29 August – At Berwick, agrees the dower lands of his widowed step mother, Christina.[9] Annandale is re-gained. Marries an Eleanor. 1298 7 Jan – Transfers a grant of land at Hatfield Regis, from Walter Arnby to his son William.[9][15] 29 May – Grants a John Herolff a half virgate of land in Writtle.[9][16] 1299 1 February – Rents lands at Hatfield Regis, Essex to a John de Bledelowe, for 4s annual rent.[9][17] 4 August – While resident at Writtle, he Rents lands at Hatfield Regis, Essex to a Nicholas de Barenton, for 21s annual rent.[9][18] 1301 November 26 – Grants, Bunnys in Hatfield Broad Oak and Takeley, to an Edward Thurkyld.[9][19] After 1301, Enfeoffments Writtle, in part, to a John de Lovetot and his wife Joan.[20][21] 1304 Easter, dies en route to Annandale and is buried at Holm Cultram Abbey, Cumberland.[1] Following his death his Eleanor remarries, before 8 February 1306 (as his 1st wife) Richard Waleys, Lord Waleys, and they had issue. She died shortly before 8 September 1331.[1] Shortly after the Battle of Stirling Bridge (1297), Annandale was laid waste as retaliation to younger Bruce's actions.

Robert de Brus (July 1243 – soon before 4 March 1304[1]), 6th Lord of Annandale, jure uxoris Earl of Carrick[2] (1252–1292), Lord of Hartness,[3] Writtle and Hatfield Broad Oak, was a cross-border lord,[a] and participant of the Second Barons' War, Ninth Crusade, Welsh Wars, and First War of Scottish Independence, as well as father to the future king of Scotland Robert the Bruce.

Of Scoto-Norman-Irish heritage, through his father he was a third-great grandson of David I of Scotland. Other ancestors included Richard de Clare, 2nd Earl of Pembroke, William Marshal, 1st Earl of Pembroke, Henry I of England and Aoife MacMurrough, daughter of Dermot MacMurrough.[4]

Life
The son and heir of Robert de Brus, 5th Lord of Annandale and Lady Isabella de Clare, daughter of the Earl of Gloucester and Hertford, his birth date is generally accepted, but his place of birth is less certain. It is generally accepted that he, rather than his first son, was born on the family estate at Writtle, Essex.[5][6][7]

Legend tells that the 27-year-old Robert de Brus was a handsome young man participating in the Ninth Crusade. When Adam de Kilconquhar, one of his companions-in-arms, fell in 1270, at Acre, Robert was obliged to travel to tell the sad news to Adam's widow Marjorie of Carrick. The story continues that Marjorie was so taken with the messenger that she had him held captive until he agreed to marry her, which he did in 1271.[1][8] However, since the crusade landed in Acre on 9 May 1271, and only started to engage the Muslims in late June, the story and/or his participation in the Ninth Crusade are generally discounted.[5][b]

What is recorded, is that:

In 1264 his father, the 5th Lord of Annandale, was captured, along with Henry III of England, Richard of Cornwall, and the future Edward I of England at the Battle of Lewes, Sussex. Bruce negotiated with his uncle Bernard Brus, and cousin Gilbert de Clare, Earl of Gloucester, both supporters of Simon de Montfort, over the terms of the ransom. Following the Battle of Evesham, in August 1265, both Bruce and his father profited from the seizure of the rebellious Barons' possessions, including those of Bernard. The younger Robert acquired lands in Yorkshire, Northumberland, and Bedfordshire.[9]

Robert and his younger brother Richard are known to have received letters of protection, in July 1270, to sail with Edward for crusade that August, and are presumed to have taken the cross, with Edward, at Northampton in 1268. They were joined by their Father, who'd sought pardon from Alexander III, but their date of return from Acre is less certain; it may have been as early as October 1271, when the younger Robert is recorded as receiving a quitclaim in Writtle, Essex, and his mother a gift of deer, from the King, also in Essex.[9]

In 1272 he married, without Scottish Royal consent, Marjorie, Countess of Carrick. As a result, she temporarily lost her castle and estates, that Oram described as poor, but regained them on payment of a fine.[10]

Around this time his mother died, the date is unknown but on 3 May 1273 his father married Christina de Ireby, the Widow of Adam Jesmond, the Sheriff of Northumberland, at Hoddam. The marriage added estates in Cumberland and dower land from her previous husband, to the Brus holdings. The younger Robert and his step-mother do not appear to have got on, with Robert recorded as trying to withhold dower lands, after his father's death in 1295.[9][11][12] This may be one of the reasons why the Father appears to have independently managed the possessions in the North, as well as intermittently holding the position of Constable of Carlisle, while Robert appears to have confined himself largely to the management of the southern and midland possessions, with his brother Richard who independently held Tottenham and Kempston, as well as commanding a Knight banneret for Edward. Richard is recorded as receiving a number of wards and gifts of deer and to have sought permission to empark the forest at Writtle at this time. Robert, while not part of Edward's household, became an envoy and mouthpiece for Alexander III at court, swearing fealty on Alexander's behalf, to Edward at Westminster, in 1277, as well as following Edward to Gascony[9] Robert is also recorded as following Alexander to Tewkesbury, in the autumn of 1278.[9]

1281 He is part of the delegation to Guy of Dampierre, Count of Flanders, to arrange the marriage of Alexander, Prince of Scotland, to Guy's daughter Margaret (d. 1331). The couple married on 14 November 1282 at Roxburgh
1282 He participates with his younger brother Richard, who commands at Denbigh, and is paid for his services in Edward's Conquest of Wales.[9][13]
1283 June, he is summoned by writ to Shrewsbury, for the trial of Dafydd ap Gruffydd.
In February 1284, Bruce attended to convention at Scone, where the right of succession of Alexander III's granddaughter, Margaret, Maid of Norway was recognized.[14] On 1 June 1285 the Earl & Countess, at Turnberry, grant the men of Melrose abbey certain freedoms, according to English law.[9]

1286 He is witness, along with his son Robert, to the grant of the church of Campbeltown to Paisley Abbey. Also in 1286, he was a signatory to the Band of Turnberry along with his father.
1290 He is party to the Treaty of Birgham.
He supports his father's claim to the vacant throne of Scotland, left so on the death of the Maid of Norway in 1290. The initial civil proceedings, known as the Great Cause, awarded the Crown to his father's first cousin once removed, and rival, John Balliol.
1291 He swears fealty to Edward I as overlord of Scotland.
1292 His wife Marjorie dies.
November, his father, Robert de Brus, 5th Lord of Annandale—the unsuccessful claimant—resigns his Lordship of Annandale, and claim to the throne to him, allegedly to avoid having to swear fealty to John.[5] In turn he passes his late wife's Earldom of Carrick, in fee, on to his son Robert.
1293 January 1 – His warrener at Great Baddow, a Richard, is caught poaching venison at Northle.[9]
1293 He sets sail for Bergen, Norway, for the marriage of his daughter Isabel to King Eric II of Norway, the father of the late Maid of Norway, son-in-law of King Alexander III, and a candidate of the Great Cause. Her dowry for the marriage was recorded by Audun Hugleiksson who noted she brought: precious clothes, 2 golden boiler, 24 silver plate, 4 silver salt cellars, 12 two-handled soup bowls (scyphus) to the Eric's second marriage.
1294/5 He returns to England.
In May 1295 his father, the 5th Lord of Annandale, died,[14] and on 6 October, Bruce swore fealty to Edward and was made Constable and Keeper of Carlisle Castle, a position his father previously held.[1]

Refuses a summons to the Scottish host.
Annandale is seized, by King John Balliol, and given to John "The Red" Comyn, Lord of Badenoch.
Confirms, to Gisborough Priory, the churches of Annandale and Hart. Witnessed by Walter de Fauconberg and Marmaduke de Thweng.[9]
Exchanges common pasture, for land held by William of Carlisle at Kinmount.[9]
Exchanges land in Estfield, for a field adjacent to the prior of Hatfield Regis's manor at Brunesho End Broomshawbury.[9]
Grants Robert Taper, and his wife Millicent, a messuage in Hatfield Regis, and via a separate grant 5.5 acres (22,000 m2) of arable land 1 acre (4,000 m2) of meadow, in Hatfield Regis, for 16s annual rent.[9]
Grants John de Bledelowe, the former lands / tenement of Richard de Cumbes, in Hatfield Regis, for 1d annual rent.[9]
Alters the terms of a grant to Richard de Fanwreyte, of Folewelleshaleyerde, Montpeliers, Writtle, from services to an annual rent. Witnesses includes two of Roberts Cook's at Writtle.[9]
Alters the terms of a grant to Stephen the Tanner, of Folewelleshaleyerde, Montpeliers, Writtle, from services to an annual rent. Witnesses includes two of Roberts Cook's at Writtle.[9]
Alters the terms of a grant to Willam Mayhew, of the tenement Barrieland, Hatfield Regis, to an annual rent of 5s and some services.[9]
1296 Jan, He is summoned to attend to the King Edward at Salisbury
26 March, his garrison repels an attack, led by John Comyn, the new Lord of Annandale, across the Solway on Carlisle Castle. Robert forces the raiders to retreat back through Annandale to Sweetheart Abbey.
28 April, he again swears fealty to Edward I and fights for Edward, at the Battle of Dunbar Castle.
August, with his son Robert he renews the pledge of homage and fealty to Edward, at the "victory parliament" in Berwick.
Edward I denies his claim to the throne and he retires to his estates in Essex.[5]
29 August – At Berwick, agrees the dower lands of his widowed step mother, Christina.[9]
Annandale is re-gained.
Marries an Eleanor.
1298
7 Jan – Transfers a grant of land at Hatfield Regis, from Walter Arnby to his son William.[9][15]
29 May – Grants a John Herolff a half virgate of land in Writtle.[9][16]
1299
1 February – Rents lands at Hatfield Regis, Essex to a John de Bledelowe, for 4s annual rent.[9][17]
4 August – While resident at Writtle, he Rents lands at Hatfield Regis, Essex to a Nicholas de Barenton, for 21s annual rent.[9][18]
1301 November 26 – Grants, Bunnys in Hatfield Broad Oak and Takeley, to an Edward Thurkyld.[9][19]
After 1301, Enfeoffments Writtle, in part, to a John de Lovetot and his wife Joan.[20][21]
1304 Easter, dies en route to Annandale and is buried at Holm Cultram Abbey, Cumberland.[1]
Following his death his Eleanor remarries, before 8 February 1306 (as his 1st wife) Richard Waleys, Lord Waleys, and they had issue. She died shortly before 8 September 1331.[1]

Shortly after the Battle of Stirling Bridge (1297), Annandale was laid waste as retaliation to younger Bruce's actions.